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	Monin-Obukhovs likhetsteori	Bulk aerodynamisk flödesberäkning	Eddy Covariance
Ämnesområde	Meteorologi	Meteorologi	Meteorologi
Familj	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Ursprungsår	1954	1981	1951
Upphovsperson	Monin and Obukhov	Large and Pond	Swinbank
Typ	Similarity scaling framework	Surface flux estimation method	Micrometeorological flux measurement
Ursprungskälla	Monin, A. S., & Obukhov, A. M. (1954). Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the ground layer of the atmosphere. Tr. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 24, 163-187.	Large, W. G., & Pond, S. (1981). Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 11(3), 324-336.	Baldocchi, D. (2003). Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide fluxes of ecosystems: past, present and future. Global Change Biology, 9(4), 479-492.
Alias	Monin-Obukhov, Similarity theory, Monin-Obukhov length scale	Bulk aerodynamic approach, Bulk flux parametrization, Aerodynamic bulk method	Eddy covariance, EC flux, Eddy correlation, Direct flux measurement
Närliggande	3	3	3
Sammanfattning	Monin-Obukhov similarity theory is a fundamental framework in boundary layer meteorology that describes how wind speed, temperature, and humidity vary with height near the surface. Published in 1954, it shows that normalized vertical profiles depend on a single dimensionless parameter—the Monin-Obukhov stability parameter—which quantifies the balance between mechanical turbulence and buoyant convection.	The bulk aerodynamic method estimates surface energy and momentum fluxes from standard meteorological observations. Rather than measuring turbulent fluxes directly, it parameterizes them using measurements of wind speed, temperature, and moisture at a reference height (typically 10 m) and surface conditions, multiplied by empirically derived drag and transfer coefficients.	The eddy covariance method is a direct, micrometeorological technique that measures turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat, water vapor, and CO2 by computing the covariance between high-frequency fluctuations of wind velocity and scalar properties (temperature, humidity, concentration). It is the gold standard for measuring ecosystem-atmosphere exchanges and validating model parameterizations.