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	Hazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability	Pressure and Release Model
Odbor	Disaster Studies	Disaster Studies
Rodina	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Rok vzniku	2000	1994
Tvorca	Susan L. Cutter, Jerry T. Mitchell & Michael S. Scott	Ben Wisner, Piers Blaikie, Terry Cannon & Ian Davis
Typ	Place-based spatial model integrating biophysical and social vulnerability	Causal-chain framework for the social production of disaster vulnerability
Pôvodný zdroj	Cutter, S. L., Mitchell, J. T., & Scott, M. S. (2000). Revealing the Vulnerability of People and Places: A Case Study of Georgetown County, South Carolina. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 90(4), 713-737.	Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., & Davis, I. (2004). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 9780415252164
Ďalšie názvy	Hazards-of-Place Vulnerability Model, Place-Based Vulnerability Assessment, Hazards of Place Model	PAR Model, Pressure and Release Framework, Crunch Model
Príbuzné	3	3
Zhrnutie	The Hazards-of-Place model, introduced by Susan Cutter, Jerry Mitchell, and Michael Scott in a 2000 case study of Georgetown County, South Carolina, is a place-based, spatially explicit framework for assessing vulnerability to environmental hazards. Its central insight is that vulnerability is the product of two distinct components that come together at a location: biophysical vulnerability — the hazard exposure and physical conditions of a place — and social vulnerability — the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics that shape how populations there can prepare for, respond to, and recover from hazards. Implemented in a geographic information system, the model overlays hazard-risk layers (moderated by mitigation) with social-vulnerability layers to produce an integrated map of overall place vulnerability. By marrying the physical and the social in geographic space, it bridges the technocratic hazards tradition and the social-vulnerability tradition and became a foundation of modern vulnerability science.	The Pressure and Release model (PAR), developed by Ben Wisner, Piers Blaikie, Terry Cannon, and Ian Davis in their book At Risk, is the foundational framework for analyzing disasters as socially produced rather than purely natural events. It conceptualizes a disaster as the intersection of two opposing forces: a natural hazard on one side and, on the other, a progression of vulnerability that builds from deep root causes through dynamic pressures into concrete unsafe conditions. The metaphor is a nutcracker or 'crunch': the hazard squeezes a population whose vulnerability has been progressively constructed by political, economic, and social processes. Risk is expressed as the product of hazard and vulnerability, and the model's hopeful corollary — the 'release' — is that reducing risk means tracing the chain backward and relieving the pressures, addressing unsafe conditions, dynamic pressures, and ultimately root causes.