Compară metode

	Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)	Scala pentru Depresie a Centrului pentru Studii Epidemiologice (CES-D)	Scala Hamilton de evaluare a anxietății (HAM-A)
Domeniu	Psihologie clinică	Psihologie clinică	Psihologie clinică
Familie	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Anul apariției	1988	1977	1959
Autorul original	David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Max Hamilton
Tip	Mood and affect self-assessment	Community-based depression assessment	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment
Sursa seminală	Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.
Denumiri alternative	PANAS, PANAS-X	CES-D, CESD	HAM-A, HARS
Înrudite	5	5	5
Rezumat	The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a brief, efficient self-report measure of mood and emotional affect. Developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988, it assesses two independent dimensions: positive affect (enthusiasm, attentiveness, interest) and negative affect (distress, anxiety, anger). The 20-item standard version is one of the most widely used instruments for measuring emotion in research and clinical contexts.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.