Comparar métodos

	Escala de Xenofobia	Escala de Confiança Institucional
Área	Sociologia política	Sociologia política
Família	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Ano de origem	2009–2016	1975–2011
Autor original	Alin Ceobanu, Xavier Escandell, Elke Schlueter	David Easton, Marc Hetherington, Pippa Norris
Tipo	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Fonte seminal	Ceobanu, A. M., & Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: The European Social Survey. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(6), 953-969.	Hetherington, M. J. (2005). Why trust matters: Declining political trust and the demise of American liberalism. Princeton University Press.
Outros nomes	XS, Anti-Immigration Attitude Scale	ITS, Institutional Confidence Index
Relacionados	5	4
Resumo	The Xenophobia Scale measures fear, discomfort, or prejudice toward foreign nationals and immigrants. Unlike immigration policy preferences (which can reflect economic or pragmatic considerations), xenophobia captures affective and attitudinal dimensions—emotional threat perception, negative stereotypes, and cultural distance. Developed by migration scholars including Ceobanu and Escandell, it is essential for understanding antiforeign sentiment and discriminatory attitudes across diverse contexts.	The Institutional Trust Scale measures an individual's confidence and trust in formal political and social institutions including parliament, courts, police, media, and civil service. Distinct from generalized interpersonal trust, institutional trust reflects belief in the legitimacy, fairness, and effectiveness of formal organizations that structure governance and public life. Developed in political science by scholars including David Easton and Marc Hetherington, it is a key indicator of democratic health and governance legitimacy.