Comparar métodos

	Remittance Impact Evaluation	Circular Migration Measurement
Área	Migration Studies	Migration Studies
Família	Regression model	Survival analysis
Ano de origem	2008	2011
Autor original	Dean Yang	Amelie F. Constant & Klaus F. Zimmermann
Tipo	Causal-inference design for the effect of remittances on household outcomes	Count-data and repeat-transition measurement of migratory circularity
Fonte seminal	Yang, D. (2008). International Migration, Remittances and Household Investment: Evidence from Philippine Migrants' Exchange Rate Shocks. The Economic Journal, 118(528), 591-630.	Constant, A. F., & Zimmermann, K. F. (2011). Circular and Repeat Migration: Counts of Exits and Years Away from the Host Country. Population Research and Policy Review, 30(4), 495-515.
Outros nomes	Remittance Causal Effect Estimation, Exchange-Rate Shock Remittance Design, Remittance IV Evaluation, Yang Remittance Identification	Repeat Migration Counts, Circularity Index of Migration, Exits-and-Years-Away Measurement, Markov Repeat-Migration Model
Relacionados	3	3
Resumo	Remittance impact evaluation is the set of causal-inference designs used to estimate what remittances actually do to the households that receive them — their effect on investment, schooling, child labor, entrepreneurship, and labor supply — rather than merely correlating remittance receipts with outcomes. The central difficulty is endogeneity: households with migrants and remittances differ systematically from those without, both in observable ways and in unobserved drive, networks, and shocks, so a naive comparison confounds the effect of remittances with the selection into sending a migrant. Dean Yang's 2008 study of Philippine households provided the design that defines the field, exploiting the sharp, differently-sized exchange-rate shocks of the 1997 Asian financial crisis: because migrants were working in many different countries, their home-currency remittances rose or fell by different amounts for reasons unrelated to the household, creating exogenous variation in remittance value. Using this shock as an instrument, Yang found that favorable shocks raised household investment, schooling, and entrepreneurship rather than just consumption. The approach interprets such results through the new economics of labor migration, in which remittances relax credit and insurance constraints. It has become the template for credible remittance evaluation.	Circular migration measurement provides a quantitative grammar for distinguishing migrants who move back and forth across a border from those who settle permanently or return for good. Constant and Zimmermann's 2011 study proposed measuring circularity through two simple but powerful quantities: the number of exits a migrant makes from the host country and the cumulative years they spend away. With these counts in hand, the analysis models them statistically — using Poisson or negative-binomial regression for the count of exits and related models for years away — and represents the back-and-forth itself as transitions between being in the host country and being away, in the spirit of a Markov repeat-migration process. The framework turns the fuzzy notion of 'circular' or 'repeat' migration into measurable outcomes that can be explained by individual and contextual covariates and used to classify migrants into permanent stayers, circular movers, and permanent returners. Its contribution is to make circularity countable rather than merely descriptive.