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	Uzupełnianie tekstu	Osadzenia BERT	Rozpoznawanie nazw własnych (NER)	Analiza sentymentu
Dziedzina	Eksploracja tekstu	Eksploracja tekstu	Eksploracja tekstu	Eksploracja tekstu
Rodzina	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Rok powstania	1953 (cloze); 2019 (neural span infilling)	2019	—	—
Twórca	Wilson L. Taylor (cloze procedure, 1953); modern span infilling by Zhu et al. (2019)	Devlin, Chang, Lee & Toutanova (Google AI)	—	—
Typ	NLP conditional text generation task	Contextual transformer text-representation method	NLP sequence-labelling task	NLP text-classification task
Źródło pierwotne	Taylor, W.L. (1953). Cloze Procedure: A New Tool for Measuring Readability. Journalism Quarterly, 30(4), 415-433.	Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K. & Toutanova, K. (2019). BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. NAACL-HLT, 4171-4186.	Nadeau, D. & Sekine, S. (2007). A survey of named entity recognition. Lingvisticae Investigationes.	Pang, B. & Lee, L. (2008). Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, 2(1-2), 1-135.
Inne nazwy	cloze procedure, cloze test, masked language modeling, span infilling	contextual embeddings, transformer embeddings, BERT Tabanlı Metin Gömülmeleri	NER, entity tagging, Adlandırılmış Varlık Tanıma (NER)	opinion mining, polarity detection, duygu analizi
Pokrewne	4	4	3	3
Podsumowanie	Text infilling is a natural-language-processing task that completes missing words, phrases, or spans in a document by exploiting the surrounding context. Introduced as the cloze procedure by Wilson L. Taylor in 1953 as a readability measure, it was reformulated for neural models by Zhu et al. (2019) and is now used for data augmentation, writing assistance, and language-model evaluation.	BERT-based text embeddings, introduced by Devlin and colleagues at Google AI in 2019, turn text into context-sensitive dense vectors using a bidirectional Transformer encoder. Because the meaning of a word shifts with its context, BERT produces richer representations than static methods such as Word2Vec or topic models like LDA.	Named entity recognition (NER) is a natural-language-processing task that automatically detects and labels entities in text — such as people, organisations, locations, and dates. Surveyed by Nadeau and Sekine (2007) and later advanced with neural architectures by Lample et al. (2016), it turns free-running text into tagged spans that downstream tools can use.	Sentiment analysis, also called opinion mining, is a natural-language-processing task that detects the emotional tone of text — typically classifying it as positive, negative, or neutral. It turns unstructured opinion text into structured, quantifiable polarity signals using one of three families of approaches: sentiment lexicons, trained machine-learning classifiers, or pretrained transformer models.