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| Model politomowy Rascha× | Różnicowe funkcjonowanie pozycji testowej (DIF)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Dziedzina | Psychometria | Psychometria |
| Rodzina | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Rok powstania≠ | 1978–1982 | 1970s–1993 |
| Twórca≠ | Gerhard N. Masters (Partial Credit Model); David Andrich (Rating Scale Model) | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer |
| Typ≠ | Item response model | Item-level bias detection |
| Źródło pierwotne≠ | Masters, G. N. (1982). A Rasch model for partial credit scoring. Psychometrika, 47(2), 149–174. DOI ↗ | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 |
| Inne nazwy | PRM, Rating Scale Model, Partial Credit Model, Polytomous IRT Rasch | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias |
| Pokrewne≠ | 6 | 5 |
| Podsumowanie≠ | The Polytomous Rasch Model extends the dichotomous Rasch framework to ordered response scales with three or more categories, such as Likert items or partial-credit tasks. It estimates person ability and item difficulty on the same interval-level logit scale, and it tests whether the response categories function as intended — prerequisites for rigorous ordinal measurement. | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. |
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