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| Model Rascha dla wielu grup× | Różnicowe funkcjonowanie pozycji testowej (DIF)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Dziedzina | Psychometria | Psychometria |
| Rodzina | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Rok powstania≠ | 1960 (Rasch); 1980s–1990s (multi-group extensions) | 1970s–1993 |
| Twórca≠ | Georg Rasch (single-group); extended to multi-group applications by Fischer, Molenaar, and others | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer |
| Typ≠ | Item response model / measurement invariance test | Item-level bias detection |
| Źródło pierwotne≠ | Fischer, G. H. & Molenaar, I. W. (Eds.) (1995). Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications. Springer. ISBN: 978-0387944296 | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 |
| Inne nazwy | MG-Rasch, Rasch measurement invariance, multi-group 1PL IRT, cross-group Rasch analysis | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias |
| Pokrewne≠ | 6 | 5 |
| Podsumowanie≠ | The multi-group Rasch model fits the one-parameter logistic item response model simultaneously across two or more distinct groups, testing whether item difficulty parameters are invariant across groups. It is the primary psychometric tool for establishing that a scale measures the same latent trait with the same metric in each group, a prerequisite for meaningful score comparisons. | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. |
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