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	Metoda zmiennych instrumentalnych (IV) do wnioskowania przyczynowego	Analiza kosztów i efektywności (CEA)
Dziedzina	Ekonomika zdrowia	Ekonomika zdrowia
Rodzina	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Rok powstania	1990s (modern applications)	1984
Twórca	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory	Drummond & Stoddart (Health Economics Research Group, McMaster University)
Typ	Method	Method
Źródło pierwotne	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.	Gold, M. R., Siegel, J. E., Russell, L. B., & Weinstein, M. C. (Eds.). (1996). Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
Inne nazwy	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation	CEA, ICER, Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio
Pokrewne	3	5
Podsumowanie	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.	Cost-effectiveness analysis compares the incremental cost per unit of health benefit gained by one intervention relative to a comparator (standard care or best alternative). Developed rigorously in the 1980s by Drummond, Stoddart, and colleagues, CEA is now the standard framework for technology appraisal globally. NICE, HAS, CADTH, and other health technology assessment bodies use CEA to decide which treatments warrant public funding and at what price.