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	Test T² Hotellinga	Niezależny test t dla prób niezależnych	Wielowymiarowa analiza kowariancji (MANCOVA)	Wielowymiarowa regresja liniowa z wieloma zmiennymi
Dziedzina	Statystyka	Statystyka	Statystyka	Statystyka
Rodzina	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test	Regression model
Rok powstania	1931	1908	1970	2007
Twórca	Harold Hotelling	Student (W. S. Gosset)	Extension of MANOVA and ANCOVA traditions; consolidated in multivariate textbooks by the 1970s–1980s	Johnson & Wichern (textbook treatment); classical multivariate least squares
Typ	Multivariate parametric mean comparison	Parametric mean comparison	Parametric multivariate mean comparison with covariate control	Multivariate linear regression
Źródło pierwotne	Hotelling, H. (1931). The Generalization of Student's Ratio. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 2(3), 360–378.	Student (1908). The probable error of a mean. Biometrika, 6(1), 1–25.	Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using Multivariate Statistics (7th ed.). Pearson. ISBN: 978-0134790541	Johnson, R. A. & Wichern, D. W. (2007). Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis (6th ed.). Pearson. ISBN: 978-0131877153
Inne nazwy	Hotelling T² Testi — Çok Değişkenli t-Testi, multivariate t-test, Hotelling T-squared	student t-test, two-sample t-test, unpaired t-test, bağımsız örneklem t-testi	MANCOVA, multivariate ANCOVA, MANOVA with covariates, MANCOVA — Çok Değişkenli Kovaryans Analizi	multivariate multiple regression, MLR with multiple dependent variables, multiple-outcome regression, Çok Değişkenli Regresyon (MLR — Çoklu DV)
Pokrewne	6	4	5	5
Podsumowanie	Hotelling's T² test is a multivariate parametric hypothesis test that simultaneously compares the mean vectors of two independent groups across multiple continuous outcome variables. It was introduced by Harold Hotelling in 1931 as the direct multivariate generalization of Student's t-test, replacing the scalar mean difference with a vector difference scaled by the pooled variance-covariance matrix.	The independent samples t-test is a parametric hypothesis test that compares the means of two independent groups to decide whether they differ significantly. It builds on the t-distribution introduced by Student (W. S. Gosset) in 1908 and assumes the measured values are continuous, approximately normally distributed, and have equal variances.	MANCOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Covariance) is a parametric hypothesis test that simultaneously compares two or more groups on multiple continuous dependent variables while statistically controlling for one or more covariates. It extends MANOVA by incorporating covariate adjustment, a tradition consolidated in multivariate statistical methodology by the 1970s and authoritatively documented by Tabachnick and Fidell (2019).	Multivariate regression is a linear regression method that predicts several continuous dependent variables at the same time from a shared set of predictors. As developed in standard treatments such as Johnson and Wichern's Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis (2007), each response equation can be fitted by ordinary least squares while the covariance structure of the residuals is used for joint testing across outcomes.