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	Factor Analysis	Grupowanie K-średnich (K-means Clustering)	Analiza Głównych Składowych	Autoenkoder wariacyjny
Dziedzina	Statystyka w badaniach	Uczenie maszynowe	Uczenie maszynowe	Uczenie głębokie
Rodzina	Process / pipeline	Machine learning	Machine learning	Machine learning
Rok powstania	1931	1967 (formalized 1982)	2002	2014
Twórca	Louis Leon Thurstone	MacQueen, J. B.; Lloyd, S. P.	Jolliffe, I.T. (textbook); Pearson & Hotelling (origins)	Kingma, D. P. & Welling, M.
Typ	Method	Partitional clustering	Unsupervised dimensionality reduction	Deep generative latent-variable model (encoder–decoder)
Źródło pierwotne	Thurstone, L. L. (1947). Multiple Factor Analysis. University of Chicago Press.	Lloyd, S. P. (1982). Least squares quantization in PCM. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 28(2), 129–137.	Jolliffe, I.T. (2002). Principal Component Analysis (2nd ed.). Springer.	Kingma, D. P. & Welling, M. (2014). Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes. International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR).
Inne nazwy	EFA, CFA, latent variable modeling	k-means clustering, Lloyd's algorithm, k-means partitioning, hard k-means	Temel Bileşenler Analizi (PCA), PCA, principal components analysis, Karhunen-Loève transform	Değişkensel Otokodlayıcı (VAE), VAE, auto-encoding variational Bayes, deep latent variable model
Pokrewne	3	4	3	5
Podsumowanie	Factor analysis is a statistical technique for identifying latent (unobserved) dimensions underlying observed variables, developed by Louis Leon Thurstone in the 1930s and formalized by Jöreskog (1969). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) discovers unknown factor structure from data; confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tests hypothesized relationships between observed and latent variables. Essential in psychometrics (test development), organizational research (measuring constructs like leadership style), and biomedicine (identifying disease subtypes), factor analysis reduces dimensionality while revealing conceptual organization in multivariate data.	K-means is a classic unsupervised partitional clustering algorithm that divides a dataset into K non-overlapping groups by iteratively assigning each observation to its nearest centroid and updating centroids as the mean of their assigned points. It is one of the most widely used exploratory tools in machine learning and data analysis.	Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is an unsupervised dimensionality-reduction method — given its modern textbook treatment by Ian Jolliffe (2002) — that compresses high-dimensional data into fewer dimensions while preserving the maximum possible variance. It re-expresses correlated variables as a small set of uncorrelated principal components ordered by how much of the data's variation each one captures.	The Variational Autoencoder (VAE) is a deep generative latent-variable model, introduced by Diederik Kingma and Max Welling in 2014, that encodes data as a probability distribution in a latent space and samples from that distribution to generate new examples. It is used for data generation, anomaly detection, and feature learning.