Methoden vergelijken

	Xenofobieschaal	Institutionele Vertrouwensschaal
Vakgebied	Politieke sociologie	Politieke sociologie
Familie	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Jaar van ontstaan	2009–2016	1975–2011
Grondlegger	Alin Ceobanu, Xavier Escandell, Elke Schlueter	David Easton, Marc Hetherington, Pippa Norris
Type	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Oorspronkelijke bron	Ceobanu, A. M., & Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: The European Social Survey. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(6), 953-969.	Hetherington, M. J. (2005). Why trust matters: Declining political trust and the demise of American liberalism. Princeton University Press.
Aliassen	XS, Anti-Immigration Attitude Scale	ITS, Institutional Confidence Index
Verwant	5	4
Samenvatting	The Xenophobia Scale measures fear, discomfort, or prejudice toward foreign nationals and immigrants. Unlike immigration policy preferences (which can reflect economic or pragmatic considerations), xenophobia captures affective and attitudinal dimensions—emotional threat perception, negative stereotypes, and cultural distance. Developed by migration scholars including Ceobanu and Escandell, it is essential for understanding antiforeign sentiment and discriminatory attitudes across diverse contexts.	The Institutional Trust Scale measures an individual's confidence and trust in formal political and social institutions including parliament, courts, police, media, and civil service. Distinct from generalized interpersonal trust, institutional trust reflects belief in the legitimacy, fairness, and effectiveness of formal organizations that structure governance and public life. Developed in political science by scholars including David Easton and Marc Hetherington, it is a key indicator of democratic health and governance legitimacy.