Teroka sains mengikut kaedah, bidang dan bukti.

Falls Efficacy Scale International

The Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I), developed by Lucy Yardley and colleagues in 2005, is a validated tool measuring fear of falling and confidence in balance in older adults and others at risk of falls. The 16-item scale assesses how confident a person feels performing daily activities without falling (self

2 sumber2005

FIRST

The Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test (FIRST) is a brief self-report measure designed to identify individuals with heightened vulnerability to insomnia in response to psychological stress. Developed by Ford and Kamerow in 1990, it captures the tendency to experience sleep disruption during periods of worry, work pr

1 sumber1990

pain medicine

FLACC Behavioral Pain Scale

The FLACC Behavioral Pain Scale (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) is a 5-item observational tool developed by Merkel and Voepel-Lewis in 1997 to assess acute pain in children ages 2 months to 7 years who are unable to self-report pain. Each of the five behavioral domains is scored 0-2, yielding a total score o

3 sumber1997

oncology nursing

FLIC

The Functional Living Index-Cancer is a 22-item patient self-report instrument that measures health-related quality of life in cancer patients across physical, social, emotional, and overall QoL domains. Developed by Schipper and colleagues in the mid-1980s, the FLIC was among the first disease-specific QoL instruments

2 sumber1984

occupational health

Flow at Work Scale

The Flow at Work Scale (derived from Csikszentmihalyi's flow theory and operationalized by Bakker as the Work-Related Flow Inventory) measures the degree to which employees experience 'flow'—a state of optimal absorption, focus, and enjoyment in work. Flow is characterized by full concentration, loss of self-consciousn

3 sumber1990

Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry is a laser-based technology for analyzing and sorting individual cells based on fluorescent markers. Developed by Leonard Herzenberg in the 1970s, flow cytometry enables rapid assessment of cell phenotype, drug effects on cell populations, and therapeutic cell characterization in immunology and hematolog

2 sumber1976

Fluid Balance Monitoring

Fluid Balance Monitoring is a systematic nursing process for tracking and comparing fluid intake and output to maintain adequate hydration and detect abnormalities in fluid status. By measuring all sources of fluid intake (oral, intravenous, enteral feeding) and all routes of fluid loss (urine, feces, perspiration, dra

2 sumber1950

Foot and Ankle Outcome Score

The Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) is a 42-item patient self-report instrument designed to assess symptoms, function, and activity limitations in individuals with foot and ankle pathology. Developed by Roos and colleagues in 2001 and published in the Journal of Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy, the FAOS has be

Fugl-Meyer Assessment

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) is a comprehensive, clinician-administered scale measuring sensorimotor recovery and motor impairment in stroke patients. Developed by Fugl-Meyer and colleagues in 1975, FMA has become the gold standard outcome measure in stroke rehabilitation research and clinical practice for quantifyi

2 sumber1975

Functional Behavioral Assessment

Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) is a systematic process for identifying the environmental and behavioral factors that maintain or contribute to a target behavior. Developed by Richard O'Neill, Robert Horner, and colleagues in the 1990s, FBA is a cornerstone of applied behavior analysis and is widely used in educ

2 sumber1997

physical therapy

Functional Independence Measure

The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is an 18-item standardized assessment of functional status and disability that measures the level of assistance required for activities of daily living (ADLs) and mobility in individuals with disabilities. Developed by Granger and Hamilton in the 1980s, the FIM has become a sta

2 sumber1984

Functional Independence Measure Scale

The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is a comprehensive 18-item scale assessing functional independence and burden of care in patients with disability across motor and cognitive domains. Developed by Granger and colleagues in 1987, FIM has become the standard outcome measure in rehabilitation medicine, mandated by

2 sumber1987

General Health Questionnaire

The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a brief, 12-item self-report screening instrument for psychological distress and mental health problems in the general population. Developed by David P. Goldberg, the GHQ-12 is the most widely used short form of the longer General Health Questionnaire series. It is design

2 sumber1992

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale

The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) is a brief, 7-item self-report instrument for screening and assessing the severity of anxiety symptoms in primary care and mental health settings. Developed by Spitzer and colleagues in 2006, the GAD-7 mirrors the structure and validation approach of the widely successful PHQ-

2 sumber2006

Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7

The GAD-7 is a brief 7-item self-report questionnaire designed to screen for and measure the severity of generalized anxiety disorder in adolescents and adults. Developed by Spitzer, Kroenke, Williams, and Löwe in 2006, it has become one of the most widely used anxiety screening tools in primary care, mental health res

1 sumber2006

Geriatric Depression Scale

The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a 30-item self-report depression screening instrument specifically designed for older adults. Developed by Yesavage, Brink, and colleagues in 1982, the GDS addresses the unique presentation of depression in aging populations, where symptoms may differ from younger adults. A valid

2 sumber1982

clinical assessment

Glasgow Coma Scale

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), developed by Teasdale and Jennett in 1974, is a 15-point scale used to assess level of consciousness and severity of brain injury. It evaluates eye opening, verbal response, and motor response, making it the gold standard tool for rapid neurological assessment in trauma, emergency, and int

2 sumber1974

clinical assessment

Glasgow-Blatchford Score

The Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS), developed by Blatchford et al. in 2000, is a 23-point risk stratification tool for predicting the need for intervention (transfusion, endoscopic therapy, surgery) in patients presenting with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. It integrates clinical and laboratory data to identify

2 sumber2000

Global Rating of Change Scale

The Global Rating of Change (GRC) Scale is a single-item, self-report outcome measure that asks patients to rate the overall change in their condition since baseline assessment. Developed by Jaeschke, Singer, and Guyatt in 1989 and published in Controlled Clinical Trials, the GRC Scale has become a fundamental method f

1 sumber1989

GSES

The Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES) is a brief instrument designed to measure the degree of mental and behavioral effort exerted in attempting to fall asleep. Developed by Broomfield and Espie in 2005, the GSES captures a key cognitive-behavioral maintenance mechanism in insomnia: excessive effort to sleep, anxiety a

1 sumber2005

Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale

The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psycho

2 sumber1959

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale

The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, published by Max Hamilton in 1960, is a clinician-administered interview assessment of depressive symptom severity. The most common version contains 17 items (HAM-D-17), though 21-item and 24-item versions exist. It is considered the gold standard outcome measure in antidepressant

3 sumber1960

health measurement

HAQ Disability Index

The Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI) is a 20-item self-report measure of functional disability developed by Fries and colleagues at Stanford University in 1980. Originally designed for rheumatoid arthritis, the HAQ-DI has become the gold-standard functional assessment instrument across diverse

3 sumber1980

neurology

HD-QoL

The HD-QoL is a disease-specific quality-of-life instrument designed to measure the multidimensional impact of Huntington's disease on patients' physical, emotional, social, and cognitive functioning. Developed by Helder and colleagues in 2001, it uniquely addresses the progressive motor, cognitive, and psychiatric man

cardiology

Heart Failure Somatic Awareness Scale

The Heart Failure Somatic Awareness Scale (HFSAS) is a specialized measure that assesses heart failure patients' ability to recognize and accurately perceive early warning signs of disease worsening (somatic awareness), such as subtle changes in dyspnea, edema, weight, fatigue, or palpitations. Early recognition of dec

2 sumber2017

psychotherapy research

Helpful Aspects of Therapy Form

The Helpful Aspects of Therapy (HAT) form is a semi-structured client feedback instrument designed to capture the client's perception of what was most beneficial or helpful in a therapy session or course of treatment. Developed by Llewellyn and refined by Elliott, the HAT combines open-ended narrative response with str

2 sumber1988

Hill-Bone Compliance Scale

The Hill-Bone Compliance Scale (HBCS) is a brief, disease-specific self-report measure designed to assess medication and lifestyle adherence in hypertension management. Developed by Kim, Hill, Bone, and Levine at Johns Hopkins University in 1999, the HBCS measures three dimensions of hypertension adherence: medication-

1 sumber1999

Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score

The Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) is a patient-reported outcome measure developed to assess pain, symptoms, function, and quality of life in patients with hip osteoarthritis and hip disability. Developed by Nilsdotter and colleagues in 2003, HOOS parallels the structure of KOOS (Knee Injury and

2 sumber2003

Hip Outcome Score

The Hip Outcome Score (HOS) is a 29-item patient self-report instrument designed to measure symptoms, functional limitations, and activity restrictions in individuals with hip disorders. Originally developed and published by Philippon, Kelly, and Martin in 2006 in Arthroscopy, the HOS has become the standard outcome me

1 sumber2006

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may

2 sumber1983

Hyperarousal Scale

The Hyperarousal Scale is an assessment tool measuring elevated physiologic and cognitive activation during sleep and wakefulness in insomnia patients. Rooted in contemporary understanding of insomnia as a disorder of hyperarousal (excessive vigilance, elevated muscle tension, racing thoughts, heightened startle respon

1 sumber2020

cardiology

Hypoglycemia Fear Survey

The Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (HFS) is a self-report measure that quantifies fear of, anxiety about, and behavioral responses to hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Originally developed by Cox and colleagues in 1987 and revised (HFS-II) in 1993, the HFS captures the emotion

2 sumber1987

IAT

The IAT is a 20-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure problematic internet use and internet addiction. Developed by Kimberly Young in 1998, it was one of the first validated screening tools for internet-related compulsive use. The IAT assesses loss of control, salience (preoccupation with internet), withdr

3 sumber1998

IKDC Subjective Knee Form

The IKDC Subjective Knee Form is an 18-item patient self-report instrument that measures knee function and symptoms in individuals with various knee conditions. Developed by the International Knee Documentation Committee in 2001 and published in the American Journal of Sports Medicine, it has become the gold standard f

psychiatric rehabilitation

rehabilitation science

Impact on Participation and Autonomy

The Impact on Participation and Autonomy (IPA) scale is a validated, patient-centered measure designed to quantify how chronic conditions or disabilities affect an individual's autonomy and participation in five key life domains: autonomy, mobility, occupation, social relations, and recreation. Developed in the Netherl

2 sumber2001

integrative medicine

Integrative Medicine Attitude Questionnaire

The IMAQ is a 26-item self-report instrument assessing healthcare professionals' attitudes toward integrative medicine—the combined use of conventional and complementary therapies based on evidence and patient-centered values. Developed by Bikker and colleagues, it measures five dimensions of attitudes: cognitive, prac

2 sumber2005

Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale

The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI) is a 29-item self-report measure assessing the extent to which individuals with serious mental illness have internalized societal stigma—that is, adopted negative beliefs and stereotypes about themselves and their condition. Developed by Ritsher, Otilingam, and Gra

1 sumber2003

health measurement

International Physical Activity Questionnaire

The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is a standardized self-report measure of physical activity developed by the International Society for Physical Activity and Health in 2003. Available in short (7 items) and long (31 items) forms, it assesses moderate-to-vigorous and light physical activity across

3 sumber2003

Interpersonal Therapy Assessment

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) assessment is a structured evaluation of the client's current symptoms and their interpersonal context to identify one or more core interpersonal problems (grief, disputes, role transitions, or interpersonal deficits) maintaining the client's psychological distress. Developed by Gerald Klerm

2 sumber1984

Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale

The IUS-12 is a 12-item self-report measure of intolerance of uncertainty, a cognitive vulnerability factor underlying anxiety across multiple disorders. Developed by Carleton, Norton, and Asmundson in 2007 as short form of the original IUS-27, it measures difficulty accepting or managing uncertainty and associated anx

1 sumber2007

IRLS

The IRLS is a 10-item clinician-administered rating scale designed to assess the severity of symptoms in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS). Developed and validated by Walters and colleagues in 2003 for the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group, it is the most widely used disease-specific severity me

1 sumber2003

Isobologram Analysis

Isobologram analysis is a graphical and quantitative method for detecting and classifying drug interactions, developed by Salvatore Loewe in 1926. It uses dose-response data from two drugs applied individually and in combination to determine whether their interaction is additive, synergistic, or antagonistic.

2 sumber1926

pediatric medicine

ITQOL

The ITQOL is a generic parent-report instrument developed by Landgraf et al. in 1997 to measure health-related quality of life in infants and toddlers aged 2 months to 5 years. Addressing the developmental uniqueness of the very young, the ITQOL captures health-related functioning across domains relevant to early child

2 sumber1997

pediatric medicine

JAFAR

The JAFAR is a parent-report instrument developed by Lovell et al. in 1989 to assess functional ability in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Measuring across multiple domains including lower extremity function, upper extremity function, and activities of daily living, the JAFAR quantifi

2 sumber1989

occupational therapy

JHFT

The Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JHFT) is a standardized, performance-based measure of hand function developed to provide an objective, quantitative assessment of manual dexterity and hand capability. Created by Jebsen and colleagues (1969) at the University of Minnesota, the JHFT consists of seven timed functiona

2 sumber1969

cardiology

Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire

The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) is a 23-item, multidimensional self-report measure that evaluates heart failure-related symptoms, functional limitations, and quality of life in patients with cardiomyopathy and heart failure of all severities. Developed by Spertus and colleagues in 2000, the KCCQ pro

1 sumber2000

Katz Index of Independence in ADL

The Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, developed by Sidney Katz and colleagues in 1963, is one of the earliest and most widely used tools for assessing functional status in older adults and persons with chronic illness. The scale evaluates six essential self-care activities (bathing, dressing, to

2 sumber1963

Kessler Psychological Distress Scale

The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-10 (K10) is a 10-item self-report measure of non-specific psychological distress and mental health problems. Developed by Kessler and colleagues in 2002, the K10 was designed as an ultra-brief screening instrument for population surveys and epidemiological research. A shorter 6-

2 sumber2002

Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score

The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a patient-reported outcome measure designed for active patients with knee injury and osteoarthritis. Developed by Roos and colleagues in 1998, KOOS extends assessment beyond traditional osteoarthritis scales to include symptoms, pain, function in daily living,

2 sumber1998

neurology

LANSS

The LANSS is a brief seven-item hybrid screening and diagnostic tool designed to differentiate neuropathic pain from non-neuropathic (nociceptive) pain. Developed by Mark Bennett at the University of Leeds in 2001, it combines five patient-reported symptom items with two clinician-performed neurological examination fin

Lawton-Brody Instrumental ADL Scale

The Lawton-Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale, developed by M. Powell Lawton and Elaine M. Brody in 1969, measures the capacity to perform complex, higher-order self-care and household tasks necessary for independent community living. The scale assesses eight domains (for women) or five domains

2 sumber1969

psychiatric rehabilitation

Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale

The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) is a 24-item clinician-administered scale designed to measure the severity of social anxiety and avoidance in individuals with social anxiety disorder. Developed by Michael R. Liebowitz in 1987, the LSAS has become the gold-standard instrument for assessing social phobia in cli

1 sumber1987

Link Stigma Scale

The Link Stigma Scale, also called the Perceived Devaluation-Discrimination Scale, is a measure of perceived stigma developed by Bruce G. Link in 1987. It assesses the extent to which individuals with serious mental illness perceive that society devalues people with mental illness and discriminates against them. Unlike

1 sumber1987

Liposome Encapsulation

Liposomal encapsulation is a formulation technique using lipid bilayer vesicles (liposomes) to enclose drugs, improving bioavailability, reducing toxicity, and enabling targeted delivery. Developed by Alec Bangham in 1965, liposomes are now standard in pharmaceutical development, with several FDA-approved liposomal dru

2 sumber1965

Lower Extremity Functional Scale

The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) is a 20-item patient self-report instrument designed to assess functional limitations in individuals with lower extremity musculoskeletal disorders. Developed by Binkley, Stratford, Lott, and Riddle in 1999 and published in Physical Therapy, the LEFS provides a validated, gen

1 sumber1999