Bandingkan kaedah

	Model Pembetulan Ralat Vektor (VECM)	Ujian Sempadan ARDL (Ujian Sempadan Pesaran)	Model ARIMA (Autoregresif Bersepadu Purata Bergerak)	Model Regresi Autoruang (VAR)
Bidang	Ekonometrik	Ekonometrik	Ekonometrik	Ekonometrik
Keluarga	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
Tahun asal	1987	2001	2015	2005
Pengasas	Engle & Granger	Pesaran, Shin & Smith	Box & Jenkins (Box-Jenkins methodology)	Lütkepohl (textbook treatment); Sims (1980) macroeconometric tradition
Jenis	Multivariate time-series model	Cointegration test / Autoregressive distributed lag model	Univariate time-series model	Multivariate time-series model
Sumber perintis	Engle, R. F. & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.	Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326.	Box, G. E. P., Jenkins, G. M., Reinsel, G. C. & Ljung, G. M. (2015). Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control (5th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118675021	Lütkepohl, H. (2005). New Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis. Springer.
Alias	vector error correction model, error correction model, cointegration model, VECM (Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeli)	Pesaran bounds test, bounds testing approach, ARDL cointegration test, ARDL Sınır Testi (Pesaran Bounds Test)	Box-Jenkins model, ARIMA(p,d,q), ARIMA Modeli	vector autoregression, VAR, VAR Modeli (Vektör Otoregresyon), vektör otoregresyon
Berkaitan	4	4	5	4
Ringkasan	The Vector Error Correction Model is a multivariate time-series model for cointegrated series that captures both their short-run dynamics and their long-run equilibrium relationship. It was introduced by Engle and Granger in 1987 as part of the cointegration and error-correction framework.	The ARDL bounds test is an autoregressive distributed lag method that tests for a cointegrating (long-run level) relationship between time series, introduced by Pesaran, Shin and Smith in 2001. Unlike the Johansen procedure, it remains valid whether the variables are I(0), I(1) or a mix of the two, and it is more reliable than Johansen in small samples of roughly 30 to 80 observations.	ARIMA is a univariate time-series forecasting model that combines autoregressive, integrated (differencing), and moving-average components to predict a single continuous series from its own past. It is the centrepiece of the Box-Jenkins methodology set out in Box, Jenkins, Reinsel & Ljung's Time Series Analysis (5th ed., 2015).	Vector Autoregression is a multivariate time-series model that treats several interdependent series symmetrically, letting each variable depend on its own past values and the past values of all the others. It is the standard tool for capturing mutual causality and joint dynamics, developed in the modern multiple-time-series tradition treated by Lütkepohl (2005).