Bandingkan kaedah

	Volatiliti Sedia (Realized Volatility) dan Model HAR	Exponential GARCH (EGARCH)	Ujian Ko-integrasi Johansen dan Model Pembetulan Ralat Vektor
Bidang	Kewangan	Ekonometrik	Kewangan
Keluarga	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
Tahun asal	2009	1991	1991
Pengasas	Corsi (HAR model); Andersen, Bollerslev, Diebold & Labys (realized volatility)	Nelson	Søren Johansen
Jenis	Time-series regression of realized variance	Conditional volatility model (asymmetric GARCH variant)	Multivariate cointegration / vector error correction model
Sumber perintis	Corsi, F. (2009). A Simple Approximate Long-Memory Model of Realized Volatility. Journal of Financial Econometrics, 7(2), 174-196.	Nelson, D. B. (1991). Conditional Heteroskedasticity in Asset Returns: A New Approach. Econometrica, 59(2), 347-370.	Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models. Econometrica, 59(6), 1551-1580.
Alias	realized variance, HAR model, heterogeneous autoregressive model of realized volatility, HAR-RV	exponential GARCH, Nelson's EGARCH, asymmetric GARCH, EGARCH — Üstel GARCH	Johansen test, VECM, vector error correction model, multivariate cointegration
Berkaitan	5	4	3
Ringkasan	Realized volatility estimates an asset's variance directly from high-frequency intraday returns rather than from a parametric latent process. The Heterogeneous Autoregressive (HAR) model of Corsi (2009), building on the realized-volatility framework of Andersen, Bollerslev, Diebold and Labys (2003), forecasts this measure by combining daily, weekly, and monthly volatility components, and is a strong alternative to GARCH for volatility prediction.	EGARCH is an asymmetric GARCH variant, introduced by Nelson in 1991, that models the leverage effect in which bad news raises volatility more than good news of the same size. It captures the negative-shock asymmetry of financial return series by modelling the logarithm of the conditional variance.	The Johansen procedure is a multivariate cointegration framework, introduced by Søren Johansen in 1991, that tests for long-run equilibrium relationships among several I(1) time series. It determines how many cointegrating vectors link the series and then builds a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to describe the short-run dynamics around that equilibrium.