Bandingkan kaedah

	Reka Bentuk Ketakselanjaran Regresi (RDD)	Perbezaan-dalam-Perbezaan (Diff-in-Diff)	Kaedah Pemboleh Ubah Instrumental (IV) untuk Inferensi Kausal	Regresi Kuasa Dua Terkecil Biasa (OLS)	Model Kesan Tetap Data Panel
Bidang	Ekonometrik	Ekonometrik	Ekonomi Kesihatan	Ekonometrik	Ekonometrik
Keluarga	Regression model	Regression model	Process / pipeline	Regression model	Regression model
Tahun asal	2008	1994	1990s (modern applications)	2019	2014
Pengasas	Imbens & Lemieux; Lee & Lemieux (modern practice); Cattaneo, Idrobo & Titiunik	Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment)	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory	Wooldridge (textbook treatment); classical least squares	Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data
Jenis	Quasi-experimental causal design	Causal inference / panel regression	Method	Linear regression	Panel data regression
Sumber perintis	Imbens, G. W., & Lemieux, T. (2008). Regression Discontinuity Designs: A Guide to Practice. Journal of Econometrics, 142(2), 615-635.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.	Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1337558860	Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Alias	RDD, regression discontinuity, sharp regression discontinuity, Regresyon Süreksizliği Tasarımı (RDD)	diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff)	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation	ordinary least squares, classical linear regression, linear regression, en küçük kareler regresyonu	fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli
Berkaitan	5	5	3	5	5
Ringkasan	Regression Discontinuity Design is a quasi-experimental method that estimates a local causal effect around a threshold (cutoff) value, comparing units just below and just above the cutoff as if they were almost randomly assigned. It is the design developed for applied practice by Imbens and Lemieux (2008) and by Lee and Lemieux (2010).	Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.	Ordinary Least Squares is the classical linear regression method that explains a continuous outcome as a linear combination of predictors. It estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of squared residuals, and under the Gauss-Markov assumptions these estimates are the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE).	The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014).