Bandingkan kaedah

	Proses Ulasan Rakan Sejawat	Garis Panduan COPE untuk Etika Penerbitan
Bidang	Etika Penerbitan	Etika Penerbitan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1665	1997
Pengasas	Scientific publishing community; formalized by journals and COPE	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
Jenis	Process	Standard
Sumber perintis	Committee on Publication Ethics (2023). COPE Guidelines: Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers. COPE.	Committee on Publication Ethics (2023). COPE Guidelines. COPE Website.
Alias	Peer Reviewing, Manuscript Evaluation, Scholarly Review	COPE, Publication Ethics Flowcharts, Editorial Guidelines
Berkaitan	4	4
Ringkasan	Peer review is the process by which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the same field before publication in academic journals. Reviewers assess the manuscript's scientific merit, methodology, clarity, and contribution to the field. Established in 1665 with the first scientific journal (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society), peer review remains the gold standard for quality control in academic publishing. Despite ongoing criticism and proposals for alternatives, peer review continues to filter low-quality and unethical work, though it is imperfect and sometimes slow.	The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), founded in 1997, is an international organization of journal editors and publishers that promotes and advances research integrity and publication ethics. COPE provides practical guidance through flowcharts, position statements, and ethical guidelines addressing misconduct (fabrication, falsification, plagiarism), authorship disputes, conflicts of interest, and corrections. COPE's resources are freely available and adopted by thousands of journals globally. COPE is not a regulator; it advises editors and researchers on handling ethical issues and promotes a culture of integrity in publishing.