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| Ujian Kointegrasi Panel (Pedroni, Kao, Westerlund)× | Penentu Kumpulan Purata Diperluas (AMG)× | Model Kesan Tetap Data Panel× | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Ekonometrik | Ekonometrik | Ekonometrik |
| Keluarga | Regression model | Regression model | Regression model |
| Tahun asal≠ | 2004 | 2010 | 2014 |
| Pengasas≠ | Pedroni; Kao; Westerlund | Eberhardt & Teal; Bond & Eberhardt | Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data |
| Jenis≠ | Panel cointegration test | Heterogeneous panel data estimator | Panel data regression |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with an Application to the PPP Hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 20(3), 597–625. DOI ↗ | Eberhardt, M. & Teal, F. (2010). Productivity Analysis in Global Manufacturing Production. Economics Series Working Papers, No. 515, University of Oxford. link ↗ | Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. DOI ↗ |
| Alias≠ | Pedroni cointegration test, Kao cointegration test, Westerlund cointegration test, panel long-run equilibrium tests | AMG estimator, augmented mean group, Artırılmış Ortalama Grup Tahmincisi (AMG) | fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli |
| Berkaitan≠ | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Ringkasan≠ | Panel cointegration tests check whether a set of integrated variables share a stable long-run equilibrium relationship across a panel of cross-sectional units. Pedroni (1999, 2004) provides heterogeneous-panel tests with seven statistics, Kao (1999) gives an ADF-based homogeneous-panel test, and Westerlund (2007) adds error-correction-based tests robust to structural breaks and cross-sectional dependence. | The Augmented Mean Group estimator, developed by Eberhardt and Teal (2010), is a panel data method for estimating heterogeneous slope coefficients in the presence of cross-sectional dependence. It approximates the unobserved common dynamic process driving all units and folds it into unit-by-unit regressions, then averages the results. | The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014). |
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