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| Model Rasch Ordinal (Model Skala Kadar dan Model Kredit Separa)× | Fungsi Item Berbeza (DIF)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Psikometrik | Psikometrik |
| Keluarga | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1978–1982 | 1970s–1993 |
| Pengasas≠ | David Andrich (RSM, 1978); Geoff Masters (PCM, 1982) | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer |
| Jenis≠ | Item response model for ordered categories | Item-level bias detection |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Andrich, D. (1978). A rating formulation for ordered response categories. Psychometrika, 43(4), 561–573. DOI ↗ | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 |
| Alias | Rating Scale Model, Partial Credit Model, RSM, PCM | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias |
| Berkaitan≠ | 6 | 5 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The ordinal Rasch model extends the dichotomous Rasch framework to items with ordered response categories such as Likert-type scales. It places both persons and items on a shared interval-level metric, enabling principled measurement from ordinal data while checking whether items function consistently across all response thresholds. | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. |
| ScholarGateSet data ↗ |
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