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| Teori Gerak Balas Item Pelbagai Kumpulan (MG-IRT)× | Fungsi Item Berbeza (DIF)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Psikometrik | Psikometrik |
| Keluarga | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1990s | 1970s–1993 |
| Pengasas≠ | Multiple contributors; formalized by Birnbaum (1968) for IRT; multi-group extensions developed through 1980s–1990s | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer |
| Jenis≠ | Latent trait / measurement invariance | Item-level bias detection |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Embretson, S. E. & Reise, S. P. (2000). Item Response Theory for Psychologists. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805828191 | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 |
| Alias | MG-IRT, multiple-group IRT, multi-group latent trait model, IRT across groups | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias |
| Berkaitan≠ | 6 | 5 |
| Ringkasan≠ | Multi-group item response theory fits IRT models simultaneously across two or more defined groups — such as males and females, or different cultural samples — to determine whether item parameters are invariant across those groups. It is the primary IRT-based framework for testing measurement equivalence and detecting differential item functioning (DIF) at the model level. | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. |
| ScholarGateSet data ↗ |
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