Bandingkan kaedah

	Penilaian Kesahan Diskriminan Multi-kumpulan	Ujian Keterinvarian Pengukuran Lintas Kumpulan
Bidang	Psikometrik	Psikometrik
Keluarga	Latent structure	Latent structure
Tahun asal	1981 (foundational criterion); multi-group extension 1990s–2000s	1971–1993
Pengasas	Fornell & Larcker (for the AVE-based criterion); extended to multi-group settings by the SEM invariance literature	Jöreskog, K. G. (1971); Meredith, W. (1993)
Jenis	Validity assessment / model comparison	Model comparison / hypothesis testing
Sumber perintis	Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.	Vandenberg, R. J. & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
Alias	cross-group discriminant validity, multi-sample discriminant validity, MGDV, discriminant validity across groups	measurement invariance, factorial invariance, cross-group invariance, MI testing
Berkaitan	5	6
Ringkasan	Multi-group discriminant validity assessment tests whether constructs measured by a scale are empirically distinct not just in one sample but consistently across two or more groups (e.g., cultures, genders, age cohorts). It extends standard discriminant validity criteria — such as the AVE rule and the HTMT ratio — into a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis framework to verify that conceptual distinctness is replicable across subpopulations.	Multi-group measurement invariance testing examines whether a latent construct is measured in the same way across two or more distinct groups — such as cultures, genders, or age cohorts. It is a prerequisite for meaningful group comparisons of latent means or relationships, ensuring that observed score differences reflect true differences rather than measurement artifacts.