Bandingkan kaedah

	Penyelidikan Longitudinal	Penilaian Program
Bidang	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan	Kaedah Lapangan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century	1960s–1970s (Scriven 1967; Stufflebeam CIPP model 1971)
Pengasas	No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett	Michael Scriven; Daniel Stufflebeam; Peter Rossi
Jenis	Quantitative (or mixed) observational research design	Applied evaluation methodology
Sumber perintis	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922841	Rossi, P. H., Lipsey, M. W., & Freeman, H. E. (2004). Evaluation: A Systematic Approach (7th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0761908944
Alias	longitudinal study, longitudinal design, prospective longitudinal study, repeated-measures observational study	evaluation research, program assessment, educational evaluation, systematic program evaluation
Berkaitan	4	3
Ringkasan	Longitudinal research is an observational design in which the same participants, groups, or units are measured repeatedly over an extended period. Rather than capturing a single snapshot, it tracks change, stability, and temporal sequencing of variables — making it the primary non-experimental strategy for studying development, growth, decline, and the unfolding of causal processes across time.	Program evaluation is a systematic, empirically grounded process of collecting and analyzing information about a program to determine its merit, worth, or significance. Applied across education, public health, social services, and policy, it addresses questions such as whether a program is reaching its target population, whether it is being implemented as designed, and whether it is producing the intended outcomes. It draws on both quantitative and qualitative methods and serves accountability, improvement, or knowledge-generation purposes.