Bandingkan kaedah

	KLM-GOMS	Protokol Verbalkan Pemikiran
Bidang	Interaksi Manusia-Komputer	Interaksi Manusia-Komputer
Keluarga	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
Tahun asal	1983	1980
Pengasas	Stuart Card, Thomas Moran, Allen Newell	K. Anders Ericsson and Herbert A. Simon, adapted to HCI by Clayton Lewis
Jenis	Computational cognitive model for task execution time prediction	Protocol for capturing user cognition and decision-making during task execution
Sumber perintis	Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., & Newell, A. (1983). The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 0898592437	Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1980). Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review, 87(3), 215–251.
Alias	GOMS Model, KLM	Talk-Aloud Protocol, Concurrent Thinking Aloud, TA
Berkaitan	4	4
Ringkasan	The Keystroke-Level Model (KLM), part of the Goals-Operators-Methods-Selection rules (GOMS) framework, is a computational method for predicting how long a user will take to accomplish a routine task using an interactive system. Developed by Card, Moran, and Newell in 1983, KLM decomposes user actions into primitive operators (keystrokes, mouse clicks, mental preparation, system response waits) with empirically derived execution times, enabling designers to estimate task performance without running user studies.	The Think-Aloud Protocol is a usability testing method in which participants verbalize their thoughts while completing tasks on a system. As users navigate an interface, they continuously narrate their observations, interpretations, and reasoning, allowing researchers to understand their mental models, decision-making, and frustration points. Originating from cognitive psychology research by Ericsson and Simon (1980), this method was adapted for HCI by Clayton Lewis and has become one of the most widely used techniques for identifying usability problems and understanding user behavior.