Bandingkan kaedah

	Kesan Tetap Interaktif	Panel VARX	VAR Faktor-Ditambah Masa-Bervariasi
Bidang	Ekonometrik	Ekonometrik	Ekonometrik
Keluarga	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
Tahun asal	2009	2013	2005
Pengasas	Jushan Bai	Canova and Ciccarelli	Bernanke, Boivin, and Eliasz
Jenis	Panel with latent structure	Multi-equation panel model	Time-varying system
Sumber perintis	Bai, J. (2009). Panel data models with interactive fixed effects. Econometric Reviews, 28(4), 289-312.	Canova, F., & Ciccarelli, M. (2013). Panel vector autoregressive models: A survey. Advances in Econometrics, 32, 205-246.	Bernanke, B. S., Boivin, J., & Eliasz, P. S. (2005). Measuring monetary policy. Journal of Political Economy, 113(1), 161-208.
Alias	Factor models with individual heterogeneity	Panel VAR-X	Dynamic factor model with time-varying parameters
Berkaitan	3	3	3
Ringkasan	Interactive Fixed Effects (IFE) extends standard fixed-effects panel models by allowing unit-specific intercepts to vary not just at the individual level but also with unobserved common time-varying factors. Introduced by Bai (2009), it models heterogeneity as the interaction of individual characteristics and common shocks, ideal for studying cross-sectional variation in how units respond to macro conditions. This framework dominates when common factors drive substantial heterogeneity.	Panel VARX extends vector autoregression to heterogeneous panels with exogenous variables, enabling simultaneous modeling of multiple endogenous variables alongside observed external factors across many units. Introduced by Holtz-Eakin et al. (1988) and advanced by Canova and Ciccarelli (2013), it captures dynamic relationships within units while allowing parameters to vary across units. This framework is essential for macroeconomic panels and understanding cross-unit heterogeneity in responses to common shocks.	TVP-FAVAR is a hybrid framework combining factor-augmented VARs with time-varying parameter estimation via Kalman filtering. Introduced by Bernanke et al. (2005) and refined by Primiceri (2005), it extracts latent economic factors (e.g., a 'common monetary policy shock') from high-dimensional data while allowing VAR coefficients to evolve stochastically over time. This framework captures both reduced-dimensionality patterns and structural instability, making it ideal for studying evolving policy regimes and shock dynamics.