Bandingkan kaedah

	Halaju Geostropik	Pelifot Arus Doppler Akustik	Pengangkutan Ekman
Bidang	Oseanografi	Oseanografi	Oseanografi
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1942	1983	1905
Pengasas	Harald Sverdrup	RD Instruments	Vagn Walfrid Ekman
Jenis	theoretical-method	instrumental	theoretical-method
Sumber perintis	Sverdrup, H. U., Johnson, M. W., & Fleming, R. H. (1942). The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology. Prentice-Hall.	RD Instruments. (1996). Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Principles of Operation. A Practical Primer. RD Instruments Technical Note.	Ekman, V. W. (1905). On the influence of the Earth's rotation on ocean currents. Arkiv for Matematik, Astronomi och Fysik, 2(11), 1-52.
Alias	Geostrophic Current, Thermal Wind Equation	ADCP	Ekman Spiral, Wind-driven Transport
Berkaitan	3	3	3
Ringkasan	Geostrophic velocity is the current driven by balance between the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force, derived from the thermal wind equation. In most of the ocean away from the equator and coastal boundaries, geostrophic balance is an excellent approximation to the actual flow. Developed by Harald Sverdrup and colleagues in the 1940s, geostrophic velocity calculation from hydrographic data enables estimation of ocean currents without direct current measurements.	The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) is an instrument that uses Doppler-shifted acoustic backscatter to measure water velocity profiles along a vertical profile. Developed by RD Instruments in the 1980s, it has become the standard method for high-resolution current profiling in oceanographic research. ADCPs provide unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution of ocean circulation patterns.	Ekman transport is the net volume flux of water driven by wind stress balanced with Coriolis force in the surface boundary layer. Derived by Vagn Walfrid Ekman in 1905 from the principle that wind stress is transmitted through the water column in a spiral pattern, Ekman transport is responsible for coastal upwelling and important oceanographic transports. The theory links surface wind patterns directly to ocean circulation.