Bandingkan kaedah

	Etnografi Terfokus	Penyelidikan Tindakan	Etnografi
Bidang	Kualitatif	Penyelidikan Kualitatif	Kualitatif
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	Late 1990s–early 2000s (Knoblauch's systematic account, 2005)	1946	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
Pengasas	Hubert Knoblauch (theorised and named); antecedents in applied medical and organisational ethnography	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
Jenis	Qualitative research method	Method	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
Sumber perintis	Knoblauch, H. (2005). Focused Ethnography. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 6(3), Art. 44.	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
Alias	problem-focused ethnography, short-term ethnography, rapid ethnography, focused field study	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
Berkaitan	6	1	5
Ringkasan	Focused ethnography is a condensed, problem-centred variant of classical ethnography in which a researcher with prior domain knowledge enters a specific social setting for a bounded period — typically days to weeks rather than months or years — to study one clearly defined issue or practice. Developed as a response to the time and resource constraints of applied research, it is widely used in healthcare, organisational studies, and professional education, where the researcher's existing familiarity with the setting allows rapid, targeted data collection without sacrificing ethnographic depth.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.