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| Penyelidikan Tindakan× | Etnografi× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang≠ | Penyelidikan Kualitatif | Kualitatif |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1946 | c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific) |
| Pengasas≠ | Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury | Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology |
| Jenis≠ | Method | Qualitative fieldwork tradition |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46. DOI ↗ | Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462 |
| Alias≠ | Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry | Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research |
| Berkaitan≠ | 1 | 5 |
| Ringkasan≠ | Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement. | Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together. |
| ScholarGateSet data ↗ |
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