Bandingkan kaedah

	Diagram Ellingham	Elektrowinning	Model Teras Tirus	Kebasaan Sangkur
Bidang	Kejuruteraan Perlombongan	Kejuruteraan Perlombongan	Kejuruteraan Perlombongan	Kejuruteraan Perlombongan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1944	1890	1976	1950
Pengasas	Harold Jeffrey Torreyson Ellingham	Industrial Electrometallurgy Practice	Szekely, Evans, and Sohn	Pyrometallurgical Practice
Jenis	Gibbs free energy diagram for high-temperature reactions	Electrochemical metal extraction and purification	Reaction kinetics model for solid-fluid reactions	Slag composition parameter for controlling roast/smelt conditions
Sumber perintis	Ellingham, H. J. T. (1944). Reducibility of oxides and sulfides. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 63(5), 125-160.	Habashi, F. (2011). Electrometallurgy: principles, processes and materials. Metallurgical Transactions, 29(7), 1569-1589.	Szekely, J., Evans, J. W., & Sohn, H. Y. (1976). Gas-solid reactions. Academic Press, New York.	Barnes, J. F., Edwards, C. C., & Sims, R. L. (2010). Copper smelting and refining: pyrometallurgical fundamentals. JOM, 52(12), 38-43.
Alias	Gibbs Free Energy Diagram, High-Temperature Reduction Diagram	Electrodeposition, Electrolytic Extraction	Shrinking Unreacted Core Model, SCM, Leaching Kinetics Model	Basicity Index, Slag Chemistry Parameter
Berkaitan	3	3	3	3
Ringkasan	The Ellingham Diagram, introduced by Harold Ellingham in 1944, is a graphical representation of the Gibbs free energy change for oxide formation and reduction as a function of temperature. It is an essential tool for predicting the thermodynamic feasibility of ore reduction and selecting appropriate reducing agents and temperatures for smelting and roasting operations.	Electrowinning is an electrochemical process that extracts and refines metals from dilute leaching solutions by passing electric current through an electrolytic cell. Metal ions migrate to the cathode (negative electrode) and are reduced to pure metal, while impurities remain in solution. This process is essential for copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel, and gold refining, producing metals of exceptional purity.	The Shrinking Core Model, formalized by Szekely, Evans, and Sohn in 1976, describes the kinetics of chemical reactions between solid ore particles and surrounding fluids (leaching solutions, roasting gases). As the reaction proceeds from the particle surface inward, an unreacted core shrinks while products accumulate in a product layer. The model enables prediction of leaching times and optimization of hydrometallurgical processes.	Slag basicity is a measure of the composition of slag formed during smelting and roasting operations. It is typically expressed as the ratio of basic oxides (CaO, MgO) to acidic oxides (SiO2). Basicity controls slag fluidity, viscosity, and reactivity, directly affecting metal recovery, processing temperature, and product quality. It is a critical parameter in copper, nickel, and lead smelting.