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| Skala Imej Destinasi× | Skala Kesetiaan Pelancong× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Pengurusan Pelancongan | Pengurusan Pelancongan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1991 | 2000 |
| Pengasas≠ | Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. R. B. | Oppermann, M. |
| Jenis≠ | Self-report questionnaire / Semantic differential scale | Self-report questionnaire |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Baloglu, S., & Brinberg, D. (1997). Affective images of tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 35(4), 11-15. DOI ↗ | Oppermann, M. (2000). Tourism destination loyalty. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 78-84. DOI ↗ |
| Alias | DIS, Destination Perception Scale | TLS, Destination Loyalty Scale |
| Berkaitan | 5 | 5 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The Destination Image Scale (DIS) measures how potential or actual visitors perceive and emotionally evaluate a tourism destination. Developed by Echtner & Ritchie (1991) and extended by Baloglu & Brinberg (1997), it captures both rational beliefs about destination attributes (attractions, climate, value, safety) and affective emotional responses (excitement, pleasantness, arousal). Destination image is a primary driver of visitation intention and repeat patronage, making the DIS essential for destination marketing strategy and competitive positioning. | The Tourist Loyalty Scale (TLS) measures the extent to which visitors intend to return to a destination and recommend it to others, reflecting behavioral commitment and preference relative to competing destinations. Developed by Oppermann (2000) and refined across multiple tourism contexts, the TLS captures the ultimate outcome of satisfaction and destination image—willingness to invest time and money in repeat visitation and endorsement. As the true measure of competitive advantage in tourism, loyalty drives revenue stability, positive reputation, and ecosystem resilience. |
| ScholarGateSet data ↗ |
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