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| Penyelidikan Survei Perbandingan× | Reka Bentuk Kausal-Perbandingan× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan | Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | Mid-20th century onward | 1964 |
| Pengasas≠ | Rooted in survey methodology traditions (Gallup, Likert, Lazarsfeld mid-20th century); comparative extension codified in social science research methods literature | Fred N. Kerlinger |
| Jenis≠ | Quantitative non-experimental research design | Non-experimental quantitative research design |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452259000 | Kerlinger, F. N. (1964). Foundations of Behavioral Research. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. link ↗ |
| Alias | comparative survey design, cross-group survey, multi-group survey research, comparative questionnaire study | ex post facto research, causal-comparative design, retrospective causal study, CCR |
| Berkaitan≠ | 4 | 3 |
| Ringkasan≠ | Comparative survey research is a quantitative non-experimental design that systematically collects structured survey data from two or more clearly defined groups, populations, or contexts in order to identify, describe, and analyze similarities and differences among them. It extends basic survey research by making comparison the explicit organizing logic: rather than characterizing a single population, the goal is to detect how attitudes, behaviors, or outcomes vary across groups defined by nationality, culture, profession, demographic category, or time period. | Causal-comparative research is a non-experimental quantitative design in which the researcher compares two or more groups that already differ on an independent variable — one that was not manipulated — to investigate possible causes or consequences of that difference. Because group membership is pre-existing rather than randomly assigned, the design can suggest causal relationships but cannot establish them with the certainty of a true experiment. It is widely used in education, psychology, and social sciences when experimental manipulation is impractical or unethical. |
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