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| Classroom Observation Protocol× | Pemerhatian Bilik Darjah× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang≠ | Education | Kaedah Lapangan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 2009 | 1960s (Flanders Interaction Analysis); refined through 1990s–2000s |
| Pengasas≠ | Teaching-measurement tradition (Pianta & Hamre CLASS; Danielson Framework; MET project) | Ned Flanders (systematic interaction analysis); Robert Pianta et al. (CLASS system) |
| Jenis≠ | Structured, standardized measurement of classroom teaching via trained observers | Qualitative and quantitative observational research |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Pianta, R. C., & Hamre, B. K. (2009). Conceptualization, measurement, and improvement of classroom processes: Standardized observation can leverage capacity. Educational Researcher, 38(2), 109–119. DOI ↗ | Flanders, N. A. (1970). Analyzing Teaching Behavior. Addison-Wesley. link ↗ |
| Alias | Standardized Classroom Observation, Observation Instruments for Teaching, Classroom Observation System, Structured Teaching Observation | classroom observation research, structured classroom observation, instructional observation, lesson observation |
| Berkaitan≠ | 4 | 6 |
| Ringkasan≠ | A classroom observation protocol is a standardized instrument for measuring teaching by having trained observers rate lessons against defined dimensions of practice. Unlike informal walkthroughs, validated protocols such as the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) and the Danielson Framework specify what to look for, how to score it, and how to train and calibrate raters. As Pianta and Hamre argued, standardized observation turns teaching into something that can be measured systematically, studied for sources of error, validated against student learning, and used to improve instruction. | Classroom observation is a field research method in which a trained observer systematically watches, documents, and analyzes teaching and learning events as they occur in a real classroom setting. It can be structured (using a predefined coding instrument such as Flanders Interaction Analysis or CLASS), semi-structured, or open-ended (ethnographic notes), and is used across educational research, teacher professional development, school evaluation, and curriculum studies to generate ecologically valid evidence about instructional practice. |
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