Bandingkan kaedah

	Kesan Buntut Duga (Bullwhip Effect)	Kanban	Perancangan Keperluan Bahan
Bidang	Pengurusan Operasi	Pengurusan Operasi	Pengurusan Operasi
Keluarga	Machine learning	Machine learning	Machine learning
Tahun asal	1961	1950	1975
Pengasas	Jay Forrester	Taiichi Ohno	Joseph Orlicky
Jenis	Phenomenon and analysis framework	Production control system	Material planning algorithm
Sumber perintis	Lee, H. L., Padmanabhan, V., & Whang, S. (1997). The bullwhip effect in supply chains. Sloan Management Review, 38(3), 93–102.	Ohno, T. (1988). Toyota production system: Beyond large-scale production. Cambridge, MA: Productivity Press.	Orlicky, J. (1975). Material requirements planning: The new way of life in production and inventory management. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Alias	demand amplification, Forrester effect	visual management, pull system	MRP, MRP I
Berkaitan	5	5	5
Ringkasan	The Bullwhip Effect is a phenomenon in supply chain management where small fluctuations in end-customer demand cause progressively larger fluctuations in orders as one moves upstream from retail to distributors to manufacturers to suppliers. First formally documented by Jay Forrester in his 1961 system dynamics work, and later popularized by Lee, Padmanabhan, and Whang in 1997, the effect reveals how information delays and ordering strategies amplify demand variability throughout supply chains, leading to excess inventory, inefficient production scheduling, and increased costs.	Kanban is a pull-based production control system developed by Taiichi Ohno at Toyota in the 1950s that uses visual signals (traditionally cards or bins) to trigger production and movement of materials based on actual demand rather than forecasts. The Japanese word 'kanban' means 'visual card' or 'sign,' and the system operates on the principle that work should flow in response to downstream requirements. Kanban is a foundational element of the Toyota Production System and lean manufacturing, enabling just-in-time production, reduced inventory, and improved flow efficiency.	Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is a computerized system developed by Joseph Orlicky in the 1970s that calculates material requirements based on master production schedules and bill-of-materials data. MRP determines what materials to buy, how much to order, and when to order them to meet production demand while minimizing inventory carrying costs. It became a foundational technology for manufacturing planning and later evolved into manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.