Salīdzināt metodes

	Ethnic Enclave Effect Estimation	Migrant Network Analysis
Nozare	Migration Studies	Migration Studies
Saime	Regression model	Process / pipeline
Izcelsmes gads	1989	1990
Autors	Alejandro Portes & Leif Jensen	Douglas S. Massey
Tips	Earnings regression of returns to enclave-economy participation	Network and feedback pipeline for migration self-perpetuation
Pirmavots	Portes, A., & Jensen, L. (1989). The Enclave and the Entrants: Patterns of Ethnic Enterprise in Miami before and after Mariel. American Sociological Review, 54(6), 929-949.	Massey, D. S. (1990). Social Structure, Household Strategies, and the Cumulative Causation of Migration. Population Index, 56(1), 3-26.
Citi nosaukumi	Enclave Economy Wage Effect, Ethnic Economy Returns Estimation, Portes-Jensen Enclave Model, Enclave Participation Effect Analysis	Migration Network Analysis, Social Capital Migration Analysis, Cumulative Causation Analysis, Network Prevalence Migration Model
Saistītās	3	3
Kopsavilkums	Ethnic enclave effect estimation measures the economic consequences of working within a co-ethnic enclave economy — a spatially concentrated cluster of immigrant-owned firms employing co-ethnic workers — rather than in the open secondary labor market. The framework was forged in the debate launched by Alejandro Portes and Leif Jensen's 1989 study of Miami's Cuban enclave before and after the Mariel boatlift, which asked whether enclave participation rewards immigrants and, crucially, whether it lets them convert their human capital into earnings the way the mainstream economy does. The central empirical object is the coefficient on an enclave-participation indicator in a log-earnings equation, together with the interaction between participation and human capital that reveals whether education and experience pay off inside the enclave. Because immigrants are not randomly sorted into the enclave, selection correction is essential, and how 'enclave' is defined — by residence, by ownership, or by employment in co-ethnic firms — sharply affects the conclusion. Portes and Zhou later folded the enclave into the broader theory of selective acculturation, where co-ethnic economies serve as a mobility ladder. The method remains the standard tool for testing whether ethnic economies trap or uplift their participants.	Migrant network analysis studies the interpersonal ties — of kinship, friendship, and shared origin — that link prospective migrants to people who have already migrated, and treats these ties as a form of social capital that lowers the costs and risks of moving. Douglas Massey's 1990 article argued that once a few pioneers establish themselves at a destination, they reduce the difficulty of migration for everyone connected to them: relatives and friends can draw on their information, housing, job leads, and support, so each successful move makes the next one easier and more likely. This dynamic produces cumulative causation, a self-feeding process in which migration alters the social and economic context of the origin community in ways that promote still more migration, until flows acquire a momentum largely independent of the conditions that first set them off. Massey and colleagues' 1993 review codified network theory as one of the perpetuating mechanisms of international migration, distinct from the factors that initiate it. The analysis maps the network of ties, measures the prevalence of migration experience in a community, and models how that prevalence raises individual migration probabilities. It explains why migration streams, once begun, are so difficult to stop.