手法を比較

	Water Footprint Analysis	Tapio Decoupling Analysis
分野	Environmental Sociology	Environmental Sociology
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2011	2005
提唱者	Arjen Y. Hoekstra (with Chapagain, Aldaya & Mekonnen)	Petri Tapio (building on OECD decoupling indicators)
種類	Volumetric freshwater-appropriation accounting pipeline	Elasticity-based classification of growth-versus-pressure trajectories
原典	Hoekstra, A. Y., Chapagain, A. K., Aldaya, M. M., & Mekonnen, M. M. (2011). The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global Standard. Earthscan. ISBN: 9781849712798	Tapio, P. (2005). Towards a theory of decoupling: degrees of decoupling in the EU and the case of road traffic in Finland between 1970 and 2001. Transport Policy, 12(2), 137-151.
別名	Water Footprint Assessment, Blue-Green-Grey Water Accounting, Virtual Water Analysis, Hoekstra Water Footprint	Decoupling Elasticity Analysis, Tapio Decoupling Index, OECD Decoupling Indicator, Growth-Pressure Decoupling
関連	3	3
概要	Water footprint analysis is a volumetric accounting method that measures the appropriation of freshwater used to produce the goods and services consumed by an individual, community, business, or nation. Formalized in Arjen Hoekstra's Water Footprint Assessment Manual of 2011, it decomposes water use into three components: the green water footprint (rainwater consumed, mainly through crop evapotranspiration), the blue water footprint (surface and groundwater consumed), and the grey water footprint (the volume of freshwater needed to dilute pollution to meet ambient quality standards). By tracing water through supply chains and aggregating these components, the method reveals how much and what kind of water lies behind products and consumption — including virtual water embedded in trade — and then assesses whether that appropriation is sustainable relative to local water availability and pollution-assimilation capacity.	Decoupling analysis measures whether economic growth can proceed without a proportional increase in environmental pressure such as emissions, energy use, or resource consumption. The elasticity-based formulation introduced by Petri Tapio in 2005, refining the earlier OECD decoupling indicator, expresses the relationship as the ratio of the percentage change in environmental pressure to the percentage change in an economic driving force, typically GDP. This single decoupling elasticity is then sorted into a logical scheme of states — strong and weak decoupling, expansive and recessive coupling, and strong and weak negative decoupling — that distinguishes the desirable case where pressure falls while the economy grows from the undesirable case where pressure grows faster than the economy. Tapio's scheme has become a standard diagnostic for tracking progress toward green growth and sustainability.