手法を比較

	Verbal Autopsy	Indirect Age Standardization
分野	Social Epidemiology	Social Epidemiology
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2012	2001
提唱者	Peter Byass et al. (InterVA); Christopher Murray et al. / PHMRC (Tariff, SmartVA)	Classical demography / vital statistics (formalized in Preston, Heuveline & Guillot)
種類	Survey-based cause-of-death measurement pipeline	Rate-standardization pipeline for comparing populations under unstable stratum rates
原典	Byass, P., Chandramohan, D., Clark, S. J., D'Ambruoso, L., Fottrell, E., Graham, W. J., et al. (2012). Strengthening standardised interpretation of verbal autopsy data: the new InterVA-4 tool. Global Health Action, 5, 19281.	Preston, S. H., Heuveline, P., & Guillot, M. (2001). Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN: 9781557864512
別名	VA, Automated Verbal Autopsy, InterVA, Tariff / SmartVA	Indirect Standardization, Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR), Indirectly Standardized Rate, SMR Method
関連	3	3
概要	Verbal autopsy is a method for assigning a probable cause of death by interviewing the caregivers or relatives of a person who died, used where medical certification and vital registration are weak or absent. A trained interviewer administers a structured questionnaire about the signs, symptoms, and circumstances preceding death, and the resulting symptom profile is converted into a cause of death — historically by physician review, and increasingly by automated tools. Two computer-based approaches dominate: the probabilistic InterVA model, formalized for InterVA-4 by Peter Byass and colleagues in 2012 and aligned with the WHO instrument, and the Tariff method behind SmartVA, developed and validated by Christopher Murray and the Population Health Metrics Research Consortium (PHMRC) in 2014. Verbal autopsy supplies cause-of-death data for roughly the majority of the world's deaths that occur without medical attendance.	Indirect age standardization is a demographic technique for comparing the overall event rate (most often mortality) of a study population to a reference, when the population's own age-specific rates are too sparse or unstable to standardize directly. Instead of applying the study population's rates to a standard age structure, it does the reverse: it applies a stable set of standard age-specific rates to the study population's age distribution to compute the number of events that would be expected under the standard schedule. The ratio of observed to expected events is the standardized mortality (or morbidity) ratio, the SMR, and multiplying it by the standard's crude rate yields an indirectly standardized rate. The method is a staple of vital statistics and occupational and small-area epidemiology, and is developed from first principles in Preston, Heuveline and Guillot's demography text.