手法を比較

	Travel Career Pattern	Expectancy-Disconfirmation Tourist Satisfaction
分野	Tourism Recreation	Tourism Recreation
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2005	1980
提唱者	Philip L. Pearce; Philip L. Pearce & Uk-Il Lee	Richard L. Oliver
種類	Travel-motivation framework relating motives to travel experience	Cognitive model of satisfaction from expectation-performance disconfirmation
原典	Pearce, P. L., & Lee, U. I. (2005). Developing the Travel Career Approach to Tourist Motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 226-237.	Oliver, R. L. (1980). A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 460-469.
別名	Travel Career Ladder, Travel Career Approach, Pearce Travel Career Pattern	Expectation-Disconfirmation Model, Disconfirmation of Expectations Paradigm, Tourist Satisfaction Disconfirmation Analysis
関連	3	3
概要	The Travel Career Pattern (TCP) is Philip Pearce's framework for understanding tourist motivation as something that evolves over a traveler's lifetime rather than staying fixed. Originally formulated as the Travel Career Ladder, drawing an analogy to a needs hierarchy, the approach was reworked by Pearce and Lee in 2005 into the Travel Career Pattern, which organizes travel motives into layers: a stable core of motives common to almost everyone, surrounded by middle and outer layers that vary more across individuals and across levels of travel experience. The central claim is that as people accumulate travel experience, their motivational emphasis shifts, with more experienced travelers placing greater weight on host-site involvement and nature-related motives and less experienced travelers leaning more on stimulation, personal development, and relationship or security motives. The framework is operationalized by measuring motives, recovering their structure, and relating that structure to travel-experience level.	The expectancy-disconfirmation paradigm is the dominant theory of consumer satisfaction and, applied to tourism, the foundation for understanding why tourists are satisfied or disappointed. Set out in Richard Oliver's 1980 cognitive model, the paradigm holds that satisfaction is not determined by how good an experience is in absolute terms but by how the experience compares with prior expectations: when perceived performance exceeds expectations there is positive disconfirmation and satisfaction rises, when it falls short there is negative disconfirmation and satisfaction falls, and when it matches there is confirmation. In tourism this explains why the same destination can delight one visitor and disappoint another depending on what each anticipated. The analysis measures expectations and perceived performance, derives the disconfirmation between them, models how disconfirmation and expectations drive satisfaction, and links satisfaction to outcomes such as intention to revisit and to recommend.