手法を比較

	調査	デルファイ法	対面調査	混合研究法
分野	調査方法論	調査方法論	調査方法論	質的手法
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	Late 19th century; systematic social-science use from 1940s	1950s–1963	1930s–1940s (systematic survey era)	—
提唱者	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; formalised by Paul Lazarsfeld in the 1940s	Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer (RAND Corporation)	Established practice formalised in survey methodology (Gallup, Likert, and others from the 1930s–1940s)	—
種類	Quantitative (primarily) or mixed-methods data-collection instrument	Iterative expert consensus technique	Quantitative / mixed-mode data collection	Research design framework
原典	Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118456149	Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the Delphi method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458–467.	Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452259000	Creswell, J.W. & Plano Clark, V.L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483344379
別名	questionnaire survey, survey research, self-report survey, questionnaire study	Delphi method, Delphi survey, expert consensus method, iterative expert panel	personal interview survey, in-person survey, PAPI survey, door-to-door survey	Karma Yöntem Araştırması (Mixed Methods), multi-method research, triangulation design
関連	6	6	5	4
概要	A survey is a systematic data-collection method in which a standardised set of questions is posed to a sample of respondents to measure attitudes, behaviours, demographics, or other constructs. Surveys can be administered via paper, telephone, online platforms, or face-to-face. They are among the most widely used instruments in social, behavioural, health, and educational research because they can reach large, geographically dispersed samples at relatively low cost.	The Delphi technique is a structured, multi-round data collection method that harvests and refines expert opinion through iterative questionnaires and controlled feedback. Developed at RAND Corporation in the 1950s, it is designed to converge a dispersed expert panel toward a reliable consensus on complex, uncertain, or future-oriented questions — without the conformity pressures of face-to-face group discussion.	A face-to-face survey is a structured data collection method in which a trained interviewer meets respondents in person and administers a standardised questionnaire. The interviewer reads questions aloud, clarifies wording when permitted by protocol, and records answers — either on paper (PAPI) or a laptop/tablet (CAPI). This mode consistently achieves higher response rates and better data quality for complex or sensitive questionnaires than self-administered alternatives, and is the reference standard in large-scale population surveys.	Mixed methods research is a systematic research design in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected and analysed within a single study. Formalised by Creswell and Plano Clark (2003, 3rd ed. 2018), it offers three principal design variants — concurrent, sequential, and transformative — and strengthens findings through triangulation across both data strands.