手法を比較

	後ろ向き横断的疫学研究	後向き症例対照研究
分野	疫学	疫学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	Mid–late 20th century	1950s–1960s (formal methodology)
提唱者	Epidemiology tradition (formalized in mid-20th century; Rothman, Greenland and others)	Jerome Cornfield; formalized by Brian MacMahon and others in mid-20th-century epidemiology
種類	Observational study design	Observational analytical study
原典	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Schlesselman, J. J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195029338
別名	retrospective cross-sectional survey, record-based cross-sectional study, retrospective prevalence study, secondary-data cross-sectional study	case-control study, retrospective case-referent study, case-referent design, trohoc study
関連	5	5
概要	A retrospective cross-sectional epidemiological study measures the prevalence of exposures and outcomes at a single analytical time point using data that were originally recorded in the past — such as medical records, administrative databases, or disease registries. It combines the snapshot logic of a cross-sectional design with the efficiency of retrospective data access, making it a practical choice when prospective data collection is unfeasible or when large existing datasets are available.	A retrospective case-control study identifies individuals who already have an outcome of interest (cases) and a comparable group without it (controls), then looks backward in time using existing records to determine prior exposure to a suspected risk factor. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio. This design is especially efficient for studying rare diseases or outcomes with long latency periods, since the outcome has already occurred before the study begins.