手法を比較

	論文撤回プロセス	重複出版とサラミ・スライシング
分野	出版倫理	出版倫理
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1948	1997
提唱者	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE); Retraction Watch initiative	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
種類	Process	Standard
原典	Committee on Publication Ethics (2019). Retraction Guidelines. COPE.	Committee on Publication Ethics (2023). COPE Guidelines. Flowcharts and Advice on Publication Ethics. COPE.
別名	Retraction Notice, Paper Retraction, Correction Notice	Redundant Publication, Overlapping Publication, Fragmented Research
関連	4	4
概要	An article retraction is the invalidation of a published article due to serious flaws (data fraud, major methodological errors, ethical violations) that undermine its conclusions. Retractions are distinct from corrections (which address minor errors) and are initiated by authors, editors, or institutions when integrity is compromised. The first modern retraction was published in 1948. COPE published formal Retraction Guidelines in 2009 (updated 2019) that specify when retraction is appropriate, how it is conducted, and how retraction notices are recorded. Retracted articles remain in the literature with a visible 'RETRACTED' watermark, preserving the scientific record and warning readers.	Duplicate publication occurs when the same research data are published more than once without acknowledgment or justification, presenting the same or substantially similar results as previously published work. Salami slicing is the related practice of dividing the results of a single study into the smallest possible publishable units and submitting them as separate papers to multiply publication counts. Both practices artificially inflate research output, mislead readers, and violate ethical standards upheld by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and research integrity organizations worldwide.