手法を比較

	前向きスクリーニング検査評価	前向きコホート研究
分野	疫学	疫学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1980s–2000s (STARD 2003, updated 2015)	1950s (systematic application); conceptual roots earlier
提唱者	Formalized through diagnostic accuracy methodology (Sackett, Haynes, Tugwell; STARD initiative)	Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill (landmark application, 1951-1954); cohort methodology formalised by modern epidemiology textbooks
種類	Prospective observational study design	Observational longitudinal study design
原典	Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., et al. (2015). STARD 2015: An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. BMJ, 351, h5527.	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
別名	prospective diagnostic accuracy study, prospective test performance study, forward-looking screening validation, prospective DTA study	longitudinal cohort study, prospective follow-up study, incidence study, prospective observational cohort
関連	6	6
概要	A prospective screening test evaluation enrolls participants before the outcome is known, applies the screening test and the reference standard in temporal sequence, and measures how accurately the test identifies individuals with or without the target condition. This forward-looking design minimizes workup bias and spectrum bias, producing estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values that are more generalizable to real clinical or public-health screening contexts than retrospective alternatives.	A prospective cohort study assembles a group of participants who are free of the outcome of interest at baseline, measures their exposures, and then follows them forward in time to record who develops the outcome. By collecting exposure data before outcomes occur, it establishes a clear temporal sequence that supports causal inference — a major advantage over retrospective designs. It is the cornerstone observational method in epidemiology and clinical research.