手法を比較

	前向きスクリーニング検査評価	コホート研究
分野	疫学	疫学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1980s–2000s (STARD 2003, updated 2015)	Mid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s)
提唱者	Formalized through diagnostic accuracy methodology (Sackett, Haynes, Tugwell; STARD initiative)	Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854)
種類	Prospective observational study design	Observational longitudinal study design
原典	Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., et al. (2015). STARD 2015: An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. BMJ, 351, h5527.	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
別名	prospective diagnostic accuracy study, prospective test performance study, forward-looking screening validation, prospective DTA study	longitudinal study, follow-up study, panel study, incidence study
関連	6	6
概要	A prospective screening test evaluation enrolls participants before the outcome is known, applies the screening test and the reference standard in temporal sequence, and measures how accurately the test identifies individuals with or without the target condition. This forward-looking design minimizes workup bias and spectrum bias, producing estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values that are more generalizable to real clinical or public-health screening contexts than retrospective alternatives.	A cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point — typically freedom from the outcome of interest — and follows them over time to observe who develops the outcome. By comparing incidence rates between exposed and unexposed subgroups, researchers can estimate relative risk and absolute risk differences. Cohort studies are the gold-standard observational design for measuring disease incidence and establishing temporal relationships between exposure and outcome.