手法を比較

	前向き無作為化臨床試験	適応的無作為化比較試験
分野	疫学	疫学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1948 (landmark MRC streptomycin trial)	Late 1990s–2000s (widespread adoption post-2010)
提唱者	Austin Bradford Hill / Medical Research Council	Donald Berry and colleagues; formalized by FDA guidance in 2010 and 2019
種類	Experimental / interventional study design	Experimental clinical trial design
原典	Medical Research Council (1948). Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a Medical Research Council investigation. British Medical Journal, 2(4582), 769–782.	Berry, D. A. (2006). Bayesian clinical trials. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 5(1), 27–36.
別名	Prospective RCT, randomized controlled trial, RCT, controlled clinical trial	adaptive RCT, adaptive trial design, response-adaptive randomization trial, adaptive clinical trial
関連	5	6
概要	A prospective randomized clinical trial (RCT) is an experimental study in which participants are assigned to intervention or control groups by chance before any outcomes are observed, then followed forward in time. Random allocation eliminates systematic selection bias, making this design the gold standard for establishing causal efficacy of treatments in medicine and clinical research.	An adaptive randomized clinical trial (adaptive RCT) is a prospective experimental study that uses pre-specified rules to modify one or more trial aspects — such as sample size, allocation ratios, or treatment arms — based on accumulating data collected during the trial itself, while maintaining statistical validity and integrity of the study.