手法を比較

	Pressure and Release Model	Post-Disaster Needs Assessment
分野	Disaster Studies	Disaster Studies
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1994	2008
提唱者	Ben Wisner, Piers Blaikie, Terry Cannon & Ian Davis	European Union, World Bank (GFDRR) & United Nations Development Group
種類	Causal-chain framework for the social production of disaster vulnerability	Harmonized post-event assessment pipeline for damage, loss, and recovery needs
原典	Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., & Davis, I. (2004). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 9780415252164	GFDRR, European Union, United Nations Development Group (2013). Post-Disaster Needs Assessments Guidelines, Volume A. Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, World Bank.
別名	PAR Model, Pressure and Release Framework, Crunch Model	PDNA, Damage, Loss and Needs Assessment, Post-Disaster Damage and Loss Assessment
関連	3	3
概要	The Pressure and Release model (PAR), developed by Ben Wisner, Piers Blaikie, Terry Cannon, and Ian Davis in their book At Risk, is the foundational framework for analyzing disasters as socially produced rather than purely natural events. It conceptualizes a disaster as the intersection of two opposing forces: a natural hazard on one side and, on the other, a progression of vulnerability that builds from deep root causes through dynamic pressures into concrete unsafe conditions. The metaphor is a nutcracker or 'crunch': the hazard squeezes a population whose vulnerability has been progressively constructed by political, economic, and social processes. Risk is expressed as the product of hazard and vulnerability, and the model's hopeful corollary — the 'release' — is that reducing risk means tracing the chain backward and relieving the pressures, addressing unsafe conditions, dynamic pressures, and ultimately root causes.	The Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) is a harmonized, government-led methodology for quantifying the effects of a disaster and costing a recovery program. Agreed in 2008 by the European Union, the World Bank (through GFDRR), and the United Nations Development Group, and codified in the PDNA Guidelines, it fuses two traditions: the ECLAC damage-and-loss accounting (DaLA), which values destroyed assets and the economic flows foregone during recovery, and a human-and-recovery-needs assessment, which captures impacts on people's lives, livelihoods, and access to services. Conducted sector by sector against a pre-disaster baseline, a PDNA produces a single consolidated picture of total disaster effects and feeds a costed Recovery Framework that increasingly embeds build-back-better resilience, giving governments and donors a common basis for mobilizing and prioritizing recovery resources.