手法を比較

	Point Pattern Settlement Analysis	Intrasite Spatial Analysis	Site Catchment Analysis
分野	考古学	考古学	考古学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1976	1976	1970
提唱者	Ian Hodder & Clive Orton (introducing geographical point-pattern methods to archaeology)	Ian Hodder & Clive Orton; activity-area approaches elaborated by Robert Whallon and others	Claudio Vita-Finzi & Eric S. Higgs
種類	Spatial-statistical pipeline testing settlement distributions against complete spatial randomness	Within-site spatial pipeline for detecting artifact clusters and activity areas	Spatial economic pipeline delimiting and characterizing a site's exploitation territory
原典	Hodder, I., & Orton, C. (1976). Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521210805	Hodder, I., & Orton, C. (1976). Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521210805	Vita-Finzi, C., & Higgs, E. S. (1970). Prehistoric Economy in the Mount Carmel Area of Palestine: Site Catchment Analysis. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 36, 1-37.
別名	Settlement Pattern Analysis, Nearest-Neighbour Settlement Analysis, Spatial Point Pattern Analysis, Site Distribution Analysis	Within-Site Spatial Analysis, Activity-Area Analysis, Artifact Distribution Analysis, Intra-Site Spatial Patterning	Catchment Analysis, Site Exploitation Territory Analysis, Economic Catchment Modeling, Resource Catchment Analysis
関連	2	2	2
概要	Point pattern settlement analysis treats archaeological sites as points in space and uses spatial statistics to test whether their distribution is clustered, dispersed, or random. The motivating question is interpretive: clustering may signal social aggregation, defense, or attraction to localized resources, while regular spacing may reflect competition for territory or central-place organization. Ian Hodder and Clive Orton's 1976 Spatial Analysis in Archaeology imported nearest-neighbour statistics, quadrat methods, and related techniques from quantitative geography, giving archaeologists tools to compare observed site spacing against the expectation under complete spatial randomness. Conolly and Lake extend this into the GIS era with second-order methods such as Ripley's K and simulation-based significance testing, making point pattern analysis a standard part of settlement studies.	Intrasite spatial analysis studies how artifacts and features are distributed within a single site or living floor in order to reconstruct how space was used. Where settlement-pattern analysis treats whole sites as points, intrasite analysis zooms in to the scatter of tools, debris, hearths, and structures across an excavated surface, asking whether particular artifact types cluster together, whether activities were spatially segregated, and where discrete activity areas lay. The toolkit ranges from density and kernel mapping through clustering methods such as k-means to dimensional analysis of variance, the grid-based technique designed to find the scale at which artifacts are patterned. Ian Hodder and Clive Orton's Spatial Analysis in Archaeology set out the statistical foundations, and Conolly and Lake show how GIS-based density and association methods extend them.	Site catchment analysis models a settlement's economy by delimiting the territory that its inhabitants could realistically exploit and inventorying the resources within it. Introduced by Claudio Vita-Finzi and Eric Higgs in their 1970 study of the Mount Carmel area, the method rests on the premise that the cost of moving to and from a site falls off sharply with distance, so most subsistence activity occurs within a limited radius. By drawing a catchment — classically the area within one or two hours' walk — and measuring how much of it is arable land, grazing, water, lithic sources, or wild biota, the analyst characterizes whether a site is oriented toward farming, herding, hunting, or gathering. Modern practice replaces simple circles with terrain-sensitive least-cost territories computed in a Geographical Information System, as set out by Conolly and Lake.