手法を比較

	階層的多水準混合研究法	参加型アクションリサーチ（PAR）
分野	研究デザイン	質的手法
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2000s (formalized ~2007)	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
提唱者	Bonnie K. Nastasi and colleagues; extended by John W. Creswell and Vicki L. Plano Clark	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
種類	Mixed methods research design	Qualitative research method
原典	Nastasi, B. K., Hitchcock, J., Sarkar, S., Burkholder, G., Varjas, K., & Jayasena, A. (2007). Mixed methods in intervention research: Theory to adaptation. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 164–182.	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
別名	PMMM, participatory mixed-methods multilevel design, community-based multilevel mixed methods, multilevel participatory mixed design	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
関連	2	6
概要	Participatory multilevel mixed methods is a research design that combines the collaborative ethos of participatory research with the analytical depth of multilevel data collection and the complementary power of mixed quantitative and qualitative methods. It is widely applied in community health, education, and social intervention research where phenomena operate simultaneously at individual, group, organizational, and community levels, and where local stakeholders must co-own the inquiry.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.