手法を比較

	Partial Budget Analysis	Gross Margin Analysis	Land Equivalent Ratio
分野	Food Agriculture Studies	Food Agriculture Studies	Food Agriculture Studies
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1988	1979	1980
提唱者	CIMMYT Economics Program	C. S. Barnard & J. S. Nix (farm planning tradition)	Roger Mead & Roger W. Willey
種類	Marginal partial-budgeting pipeline for a single farm change	Enterprise margin pipeline (output minus variable costs)	Descriptive index of relative land productivity
原典	CIMMYT Economics Program. (1988). From Agronomic Data to Farmer Recommendations: An Economics Training Manual (Completely Revised Edition). Mexico, D.F.: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). ISBN: 9789686127188	Barnard, C. S., & Nix, J. S. (1979). Farm Planning and Control (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521296045	Mead, R., & Willey, R. W. (1980). The Concept of a 'Land Equivalent Ratio' and Advantages in Yields from Intercropping. Experimental Agriculture, 16(3), 217-228.
別名	Partial Budgeting, Farm Partial Budget, Marginal Budget Analysis, CIMMYT Partial Budget	Enterprise Gross Margin, Gross Margin Budgeting, Contribution Margin Analysis (Farm), Variable-Cost Margin Analysis	LER, Relative Yield Total, Land Equivalent Coefficient, Intercropping Land-Use Efficiency
関連	3	3	4
概要	Partial budget analysis is a marginal method of farm management economics that evaluates the profitability of a single, well-defined change to a farm plan — adopting a new variety, adding an irrigation, switching a feed ration — without rebuilding the whole-farm budget. Codified for agronomic recommendation work in the CIMMYT Economics Program's 1988 manual From Agronomic Data to Farmer Recommendations, it rests on a simple insight: only the costs and revenues that actually change need to be counted. The analyst arranges those changes into four cells — added revenue and reduced costs on the positive side, reduced revenue and added costs on the negative side — and the net of the two columns is the change in profit attributable to the change alone.	Gross margin analysis is the workhorse of farm management planning: for each enterprise on a farm it computes the gross margin — gross output minus the variable costs directly attributable to that enterprise — usually expressed per hectare, per head, or per activity unit. Rooted in the British farm-planning tradition of Barnard and Nix and a fixture of standard farm management texts, the gross margin deliberately stops short of fixed and overhead costs. That makes it the natural currency for comparing enterprises and planning the farm: because fixed costs are largely common to all enterprises in the short run, ranking and combining enterprises by their gross margins per unit of the scarce resource is the quickest route to a more profitable farm plan.	The land equivalent ratio (LER) is the standard index for judging whether intercropping — growing two or more crops together on the same land — uses land more efficiently than growing each crop separately. Formalized by Roger Mead and Roger Willey in 1980, the LER expresses how much land would be required under sole cropping to produce the yields achieved by one unit of intercropped land. It is computed by dividing each component crop's intercrop yield by its sole-crop yield and summing these partial ratios across all components. An LER greater than one means the intercrop is more land-efficient than the corresponding sole crops, and the amount above one quantifies the land saved, giving agronomists a simple, interpretable, and widely used measure of the biological advantage of mixed cropping.