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	Nitrogen Use Efficiency Analysis	Farming Systems Research and Extension
分野	Food Agriculture Studies	Food Agriculture Studies
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2005	2000
提唱者	Jagdish K. Ladha and colleagues (synthesis of agronomic NUE indicators)	Michael Collinson and the international farming-systems research community (CIMMYT/CGIAR)
種類	Descriptive indicator pipeline for nitrogen-use efficiency	Iterative diagnostic and adaptive on-farm research pipeline
原典	Ladha, J. K., Pathak, H., Krupnik, T. J., Six, J., & van Kessel, C. (2005). Efficiency of Fertilizer Nitrogen in Cereal Production: Retrospects and Prospects. Advances in Agronomy, 87, 85-156.	Collinson, M. P. (Ed.) (2000). A History of Farming Systems Research. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing & FAO. ISBN: 9780851994055
別名	NUE Analysis, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, Fertilizer Nitrogen Efficiency Analysis, Nitrogen Recovery Efficiency Analysis	FSR/E, Farming Systems Research, On-Farm Client-Oriented Research, Whole-Farm Systems Research
関連	4	4
概要	Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) analysis is the set of agronomic indicators used to quantify how effectively applied nitrogen is converted into harvested yield and nutrient uptake, and how much escapes to the environment. Synthesized authoritatively by Jagdish Ladha and colleagues in 2005, the family includes agronomic efficiency (extra yield per unit of nitrogen applied), recovery efficiency (the fraction of applied nitrogen the crop takes up), physiological efficiency (yield produced per unit of nitrogen taken up), partial factor productivity (total yield per unit of nitrogen applied), and the partial nutrient balance of nitrogen out in harvest versus nitrogen in from inputs. Because nitrogen is the most yield-limiting and environmentally costly nutrient in cereal systems, these indicators are central to diagnosing fertilizer performance, guiding the right rate, source, timing, and placement, and benchmarking the sustainability of cropping systems.	Farming Systems Research and Extension (FSR/E) is an iterative, client-oriented research methodology that treats the smallholder farm as a whole interacting system rather than a collection of isolated crops, and designs technology around the actual circumstances and goals of homogeneous groups of farmers. Developed within CIMMYT and the wider CGIAR system from the 1970s and synthesized in Michael Collinson's 2000 history, FSR/E proceeds by diagnosing the whole farm, grouping farmers into recommendation domains who share circumstances, ranking their binding constraints, and then testing candidate technologies in farmer-managed on-farm trials whose results feed back into the next diagnostic cycle. Its defining commitment is that research priorities and experimental designs should follow from farmers' resources, constraints, and objectives, so that recommendations are not just statistically valid on a research station but adoptable on real fields.