手法を比較

	マッチ化ランダム化比較試験	適応的無作為化比較試験
分野	疫学	疫学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	Mid-20th century concept; methodological formalization circa 2000–2010	Late 1990s–2000s (widespread adoption post-2010)
提唱者	Developed formally in biostatistics literature; Greevy, Imai and colleagues advanced modern frameworks in the 2000s	Donald Berry and colleagues; formalized by FDA guidance in 2010 and 2019
種類	Experimental clinical study design	Experimental clinical trial design
原典	Imai, K., King, G., & Nall, C. (2009). The essential role of pair matching in cluster-randomized experiments, with application to the Mexican universal health insurance evaluation. Statistical Science, 24(1), 29–53.	Berry, D. A. (2006). Bayesian clinical trials. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 5(1), 27–36.
別名	matched RCT, matched-pair randomized trial, matched randomized controlled trial, covariate-matched RCT	adaptive RCT, adaptive trial design, response-adaptive randomization trial, adaptive clinical trial
関連	6	6
概要	A matched randomized clinical trial pairs participants (or clusters) on key baseline characteristics before randomization, then allocates one member of each pair to treatment and the other to control. This design combines the causal validity of randomization with the covariate balance of matching, increasing statistical efficiency and reducing confounding from known prognostic variables without sacrificing the internal validity of a controlled experiment.	An adaptive randomized clinical trial (adaptive RCT) is a prospective experimental study that uses pre-specified rules to modify one or more trial aspects — such as sample size, allocation ratios, or treatment arms — based on accumulating data collected during the trial itself, while maintaining statistical validity and integrity of the study.