手法を比較

	マッチドフェーズIII臨床試験	マッチドコホート研究
分野	疫学	疫学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	Mid-20th century (matching in RCTs formalized ~1950s–1970s)	Mid-20th century; propensity-score variant 1983
提唱者	Fisher, R. A. (matching principles); adapted into confirmatory trial design over mid-20th century	Established practice; propensity-score matching formalized by Rosenbaum & Rubin (1983)
種類	Controlled confirmatory clinical trial with matching	Observational analytic study design
原典	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
別名	matched controlled Phase III trial, Phase III matched-pair trial, matched confirmatory trial, matched late-phase RCT	matched follow-up study, paired cohort study, propensity-matched cohort, matched prospective study
関連	5	5
概要	A matched Phase III clinical trial is a confirmatory, late-stage controlled study in which each participant assigned to the experimental treatment is paired with one or more controls who share key prognostic characteristics — such as age, disease stage, or comorbidities — before treatment allocation. By ensuring baseline comparability at the level of matched pairs, the design reduces confounding and improves statistical efficiency in settings where simple randomization alone may produce imbalanced groups or where full randomization is logistically or ethically constrained.	A matched cohort study is an observational design in which each exposed participant is paired with one or more unexposed counterparts who share key characteristics — such as age, sex, or comorbidity status — before both groups are followed forward in time to compare incident outcomes. Matching controls for measured confounders at the design stage, reducing bias that would otherwise require statistical adjustment alone.