手法を比較

	マッチド症例対照研究における曝露勾配評価	症例対照研究
分野	疫学	疫学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1970s–1980s	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s
提唱者	Developed within the matched case-control framework; formalized by Breslow and Day (1980) and Rothman and colleagues	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s
種類	Analytical epidemiological method	Observational analytic study design
原典	Rothman, K.J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T.L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860
別名	matched trend analysis, dose-response in matched designs, exposure-response analysis with matching, matched exposure-gradient analysis	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis
関連	4	6
概要	Matched dose-response analysis evaluates whether increasing levels of exposure are associated with proportionally increasing (or decreasing) risk of an outcome, within a study where cases and controls — or exposed and unexposed individuals — have been deliberately matched on key confounders such as age, sex, or study site. Matching controls residual confounding structurally, while the dose-response component tests whether the exposure-outcome relationship follows a biologically plausible gradient, strengthening causal inference.	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.